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Betaine and Presence in Cereal Products

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 367 - 377, 08.07.2023

Abstract

In this study, the effects of heat treatments applied during the processing of cereals on betaine content and the benefits of betaine to human health are discussed. Cereals and cereal products are important sources of non-essential nutrients such as betaine and its precursor choline. Betaine has been reported to have a wide variety of beneficial effects on humans. This compound is highly effective in preventing and treating many chronic diseases in which lowering plasma homocysteine levels is important. Among the cereals, the highest betaine content was determined in the rye, followed by wheat, barley and oat. In flour fractions, betaine content was determined in the highest germ and bran fractions. The loss of betaine in products prepared from whole grains during baking is lower than in refined cereal products. Considering the betaine content, it can be said that foods containing whole grains are more suitable for nutrition

References

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  • Alirezaei, M., Niknam, P., Jelodar, G. (2012). Betaine elevates ovarian antioxidant enzyme activities and demonstrates methyl donor effect in non-pregnant rats. International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics, 18(3),281-290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10989-012-9300-5
  • Ardalan, M., Dehghan-Banadaky, M., Rezayazdi, K., Hossein-Zadeh, N. G. (2011). The effect of rumen-protected methionine and choline on plasma metabolites of Holstein dairy cows. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 149(5), 639-646. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859610001292
  • Bharwana, S.A., Ali, S., Farooq, M.A., Iqbal, N., Hameed, A., Abbas, F., Ahmad, M.S.A. (2014). Glycine betaine-induced lead toxicity tolerance related to elevated photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes suppressed lead uptake and oxidative stress in cotton. Turkish Journal of Botany, 38, 281-292. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1304-65
  • Borsook, M. E., Billig, H. K., Golseth, J. G. (1952). Betaine and glycocyamine in the treatment of disability resulting from acute anterior poliomyelitis. Annals of Western Medicine and Surgery, 6(7), 423-427.
  • Bruce, S.J., Guy, P.A., Rezzi, S., Ross, A.B. (2010). Quantitative measurement of betaine and free choline in plasma, cereals and cereal products by isotope dilution LC-MS/MS. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 58, 2055-2061. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf903930k
  • Ceclu, L., Nistor, O.V. (2020). Red Beetroot: Composition and Health Effects-A Review. Journal of Nutritional Medicine and Diet Care, 6, 043. https://doi.org/10.23937/2572-3278.1510043
  • Cheng, C., Pei, L., Yin, T., Zhang, K. (2018). Seed treatment with glycine betaine enhances tolerance of cotton to chilling stress. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 156(3), 323-332. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859618000278
  • Corol, D. I., Ravel, C., Raksegi, M., Bedo, Z., Charmet, G., Beale, M. H., Ward, J. L. (2012). Effects of genotype and environment on the contents of betaine, choline, and trigonelline in cereal grains. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 60, 5471-5481. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf3008794
  • Craig, S. A. (2004). Betaine in human nutrition. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80, 539-549. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.3.539
  • Davies, S.E., Woolf, D.A., Chalmers, R.A., Rafter, J.E., Iles, R.A. (1992). Proton NMR studies of betaine excretion in the human neonate: consequences for choline and methyl group supply. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 3(10), 523-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/0955-2863(92)90074-S
  • Day, C. R., Kempson, S. A. (2016). Betaine chemistry, roles, and potential use in liver disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 1860 (6), 1098-1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.02.001
  • De Zwart, F. J., Slow, S., Payne, R. J., Lever, M., George, P. M., Gerrard, J. A., Chambers, S. T. (2003). Glycine betaine and glycine betaine analogues in common foods. Food Chemistry, 83, 197-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00063-3
  • Eklund, M., Bauer, E., Wamatu, J., Mosenthin, R. (2005). Potential nutritional and physiological functions of betaine in livestock. Nutrition Research Reviews, 18 (1), 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR200493
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  • Filipćev, B.V., Brkljaća, J.S., Krulj, J.A., Bodroža-Solarov, M.I. (2015).The betaine content in common cereal-based and gluten-free food from local origin. Food and Feed Research, 42, 129-137. https://doi.org/10.5937/FFR1502129F
  • Ganjavi, A.S., Oraei, M., Gohari, G., Akbari, A., Faramarzi, A. (2021). Glycine betaine functionalized graphene oxide as a new engineering nanoparticle lessens salt stress impacts in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 162, 14-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.028
  • Gao, X., Wang, Y., Randell, E., Pedram, P., Yi, Y., Gulliver, W., Sun, G. (2016). Higher dietary choline and betaine intakes are associated with better body composition in the adult population of Newfoundland, Canada. PloS one, 11(5), e0155403. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155403
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  • Hefni, E. M., Schaller, F., Witthöf., M. C. (2018). Betaine, choline and folate content in different cereal genotypes. Journal of Cereal Science, 80, 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2018.01.013
  • Hoffman, J. R., Ratamess, N. A., Kang, J., Rashti, S. L., Faigenbaum, A. D. (2009). Effect of betaine supplementation on power performance and fatigue. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 6, 7-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-6-7
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Betain ve Tahıl Ürünlerindeki Varlığı

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 367 - 377, 08.07.2023

Abstract

Bu çalışmada tahılların işlenmesi sırasında uygulanan ısıl işlemlerin betain içeriğine etkisi ve betainin insan sağlığına faydaları ele alınmıştır. Tahıllar ve tahıl ürünleri, betain ve onun öncüsü olan kolin gibi esansiyel olmayan besin bileşenlerinin önemli kaynaklarıdır. Betainin plazma homosistein düzeylerini düşürmenin önemli olduğu birçok kronik hastalığın önlenmesinde ve tedavisinde oldukça etkili bir role sahip olduğu bildirilmektedir. Tahıllar arasında en yüksek betain içeriği çavdarda belirlenirken, onu buğday, arpa ve yulaf takip etmektedir. Betain içeriği en yüksek düzeyde tahılların kepek ve ruşeym fraksiyonlarında belirlenmiştir. Tam tahıllardan hazırlanan ürünlerde pişirme sırasında betain kaybı rafine tahıl ürünlerine göre daha düşük olarak gözlemlenmiştir. Betain içeriği göz önüne alındığında tam tahıl içeren gıdaların beslenme açısından daha uygun olduğu söylenebilir.

References

  • Akhavan-Salamat, H., Ghasemi. H. A., (2016). Alleviation of chronic heat stress in broilers by dietary supplementation of betaine and turmeric rhizome powder: dynamics of performance, leukocyte profile, humoral immunity, and antioxidant status. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 48, 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0941-1
  • Alirezaei, M., Niknam, P., Jelodar, G. (2012). Betaine elevates ovarian antioxidant enzyme activities and demonstrates methyl donor effect in non-pregnant rats. International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics, 18(3),281-290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10989-012-9300-5
  • Ardalan, M., Dehghan-Banadaky, M., Rezayazdi, K., Hossein-Zadeh, N. G. (2011). The effect of rumen-protected methionine and choline on plasma metabolites of Holstein dairy cows. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 149(5), 639-646. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859610001292
  • Bharwana, S.A., Ali, S., Farooq, M.A., Iqbal, N., Hameed, A., Abbas, F., Ahmad, M.S.A. (2014). Glycine betaine-induced lead toxicity tolerance related to elevated photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes suppressed lead uptake and oxidative stress in cotton. Turkish Journal of Botany, 38, 281-292. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1304-65
  • Borsook, M. E., Billig, H. K., Golseth, J. G. (1952). Betaine and glycocyamine in the treatment of disability resulting from acute anterior poliomyelitis. Annals of Western Medicine and Surgery, 6(7), 423-427.
  • Bruce, S.J., Guy, P.A., Rezzi, S., Ross, A.B. (2010). Quantitative measurement of betaine and free choline in plasma, cereals and cereal products by isotope dilution LC-MS/MS. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 58, 2055-2061. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf903930k
  • Ceclu, L., Nistor, O.V. (2020). Red Beetroot: Composition and Health Effects-A Review. Journal of Nutritional Medicine and Diet Care, 6, 043. https://doi.org/10.23937/2572-3278.1510043
  • Cheng, C., Pei, L., Yin, T., Zhang, K. (2018). Seed treatment with glycine betaine enhances tolerance of cotton to chilling stress. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 156(3), 323-332. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859618000278
  • Corol, D. I., Ravel, C., Raksegi, M., Bedo, Z., Charmet, G., Beale, M. H., Ward, J. L. (2012). Effects of genotype and environment on the contents of betaine, choline, and trigonelline in cereal grains. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 60, 5471-5481. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf3008794
  • Craig, S. A. (2004). Betaine in human nutrition. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80, 539-549. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.3.539
  • Davies, S.E., Woolf, D.A., Chalmers, R.A., Rafter, J.E., Iles, R.A. (1992). Proton NMR studies of betaine excretion in the human neonate: consequences for choline and methyl group supply. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 3(10), 523-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/0955-2863(92)90074-S
  • Day, C. R., Kempson, S. A. (2016). Betaine chemistry, roles, and potential use in liver disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 1860 (6), 1098-1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.02.001
  • De Zwart, F. J., Slow, S., Payne, R. J., Lever, M., George, P. M., Gerrard, J. A., Chambers, S. T. (2003). Glycine betaine and glycine betaine analogues in common foods. Food Chemistry, 83, 197-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00063-3
  • Eklund, M., Bauer, E., Wamatu, J., Mosenthin, R. (2005). Potential nutritional and physiological functions of betaine in livestock. Nutrition Research Reviews, 18 (1), 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR200493
  • European Commission (2012). Commission Regulation No 432/2012 of 16 May 2012 establishing a list of permitted health claims made on foods, other than those referring to the reduction of disease risk and to children’s development and health, Official Journal of the European Union. 2012. http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:136:0001:0040:en:PDF
  • Filipćev, B., Kojić, J., Krulj, J., Bodroža-Solarov, M., Ilić, N. (2018). Betaine in cereal grains and grain-based products. Foods. 7(4), 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7040049
  • Filipćev, B.V., Brkljaća, J.S., Krulj, J.A., Bodroža-Solarov, M.I. (2015).The betaine content in common cereal-based and gluten-free food from local origin. Food and Feed Research, 42, 129-137. https://doi.org/10.5937/FFR1502129F
  • Ganjavi, A.S., Oraei, M., Gohari, G., Akbari, A., Faramarzi, A. (2021). Glycine betaine functionalized graphene oxide as a new engineering nanoparticle lessens salt stress impacts in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 162, 14-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.028
  • Gao, X., Wang, Y., Randell, E., Pedram, P., Yi, Y., Gulliver, W., Sun, G. (2016). Higher dietary choline and betaine intakes are associated with better body composition in the adult population of Newfoundland, Canada. PloS one, 11(5), e0155403. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155403
  • Graham, S. F., Hollis, J. H., Migaud, M., Browne, R. A. (2009). Analysis of betaine and choline contents of aleurone, bran, and flour fractions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(5), 1948-1951. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf802885m
  • Hefni, E. M., Schaller, F., Witthöf., M. C. (2018). Betaine, choline and folate content in different cereal genotypes. Journal of Cereal Science, 80, 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2018.01.013
  • Hoffman, J. R., Ratamess, N. A., Kang, J., Rashti, S. L., Faigenbaum, A. D. (2009). Effect of betaine supplementation on power performance and fatigue. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 6, 7-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-6-7
  • James, S. J., Melnyk, S., Jernigan, S., Cleves, M. A., Halsted, C. H., Wong, D. H., Cutler, P., Bock, K., Boris, M., Bradstreet, J. J., Baker, S. M., Gaylor, D. W. (2006). Metabolic endophenotype and related genotypes are associated with oxidative stress in children with autism. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 141(8), 947-956. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30366
  • Kaur, S., Sharma, N., Vyas, M., Mahajan, R., Satija, S., Mehta, M., Khurana, N. (2019). A review on pharmacological activities of betaine. Plant Archives, 19(2), 1021-1034.
  • Koistinen, V. M., Kärkkäinen, O., Borewicz, K., Zarei, I., Jokkala, J., Micard, V., Rosa-Sibakov, N., Auriola, S., Aura, A. M., Smidt, H., Hanhineva, K. (2019). Contribution of gut microbiota to metabolism of dietary glycine betaine in mice and in vitro colonic fermentation. Microbiome, 7(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0718-2
  • Kojić, J., Krulj, J., Ilić, N., Lonćar, E., Pezo, L., Mandić, A., Solarov, M. B. (2017). Analysis of betaine levels in cereals, pseudocereals and their products. Journal of Functional Foods, 37, 157-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.052
  • Kojić, J. S., Ilić, N. M., Kojić, P. S., Pezo, L. L., Banjac, V. V., Krulj, J. A., Bodroža Solarov, M. I. (2019). Multiobjective process optimization for betaine enriched spelt flour based extrudates. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 42(1), e12942. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.12942
  • Lawson-Yuen, A., Levy, H. L. (2006). The use of betaine in the treatment of elevated homocysteine. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 88(3), 201-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.02.004
  • Li, S., Xu, S., Zhao, Y., Wang, H., Feng, J. (2020). Dietary betaine addition promotes hepatic cholesterol synthesis, bile acid conversion, and export in rats. Nutrients, 12(5), 1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051399
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There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Food Engineering
Journal Section Derleme
Authors

Hüseyin Boz 0000-0003-1846-5589

Publication Date July 8, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Boz, H. (2023). Betain ve Tahıl Ürünlerindeki Varlığı. Aydın Gastronomy, 7(2), 367-377.

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