Research Article
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Validity and Reliability Study of Cyber-Mobbing Scale

Year 2019, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 294 - 320, 25.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.18795/gumusmaviatlas.627092

Abstract

Mobile devices with internet access provide many new
opportunities including communication, information, entertainment, and
creativity for individuals. Thus, these devices have become a need particularly
for young individuals and made daily lives online gradually. However, each
technological development in this field has caused new problems to emerge as
well as transferring issues in the real world to virtual spaces. One of the new
issues/phenomena is cyberbullying. Sharing personal and private photographs and
videos of people, spreading rumours, sharing content with violent nature
through smart phones, computers or other devices with internet access have
become a part of the reality of today’s world. The purpose of this paper is conceptually
to frame the concept of cyberbullying, to identify the differences from
traditional mobbing, and empirically to test the reliability and validity of
the scale in the Turkish language. The data of this study were collected from
637 participants. By using SPSS and LISREL softwares, exploratory and
confirmatory factor analyses were made. As a result, 8 dimensions and 62 items
with high reliability levels were developed. 

References

  • AJS, (2015). Handreichung Cyber-Mobbing. Erişim Tarihi: 07.08.2019 https://ajs.nrw/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/AJS-Handreichung_Cyber-Mob bing.pdf
  • BELLİ, E., Demirel, N. (2016). “An investigation into the mobbing levels of the personnel working at provincial directorate of youth welfare and sports and evaluation of organizational commitment”. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 2(3), ss. 980-990.
  • BITSCHNAU, W. (2014). Schulischer Umgang mit Auffälligkeiten und Problemsituationen, Erişim Tarihi: 07.09.2019 https://docplayer.org/13845128-Mobbing-und-cyber-mobbing.html
  • BUENDNIS-GEGEN-CYBERMOBBING, (2016). Cyberlife II – Spannungsfeld zwischen Faszination und Gefahr. Erişim Tarihi: 02.08.19 https://www.buendnis-gegen-cybermobbing.de/fileadmin/pdf/studien/20160502Cybermobbing2017 End.pdf,
  • BUENDNIS-GEGEN-CYBERMOBBING, (2014). Mobbing und Cybermobbing bei Erwachsenen. Eine empirische Bestandsaufnahme in Deutschland Karlsruhe, Erişim Tarihi: 07.08.2019 https://www.buendnis-gegen-cybermobbing.de/ fileadmin/pdf/ studien/studie_mobbing_ cybermobbing_ erwachsene.pdf
  • BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32, 478-483.
  • BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK, Ş. (2004). Veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegema Yayıncılık.
  • BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK, Ş. (2006). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (6. Baskı). Ankara: Pegema Yayıncılık.
  • CAMPBELL, M., Spears, B., Slee, P., Butler, D. & Kift, S. (2012). Victims’ perceptions of traditional and cyberbullying, and the psychosocial correlates of their victimization. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 17, 389- 401.
  • CATHELL, R. B., & Baggaley, A. R. (1960). The salient variable similarity ındex for factor matching. British Journal of Statistic in Psvchology, 14 (13), 33-46.
  • ÇOKLUK, Ö., Şekercioğlu G., Büyüköztürk Ş., (2014). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Çok Değişkenli İstatistik SPSS ve LISREL Uygulamaları (3. Baskı), Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • DOOLEY, J. J., Pyzalski, J., & Cross, D. (2009). Cyberbullying versus face-to-face bullying: A theoretical and conceptual review. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 217, 182- 188.
  • EBERHARD, G. Fehlau, Christian Stock (2012): Konfliktmanagement: Von Streit bis Mobbing. Haufe-Lexware.
  • EKİCİ, O., Yıdırım F. (2018). Sanal Yaşam ve Sanal Kaytarma. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
  • FILECCIA, M. (2012). Elternarbeit Cyber-Mobbing. Stuttgart: Aktion Jugendschutz – Landesarbeitsstelle BadenWürttemberg.
  • Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kinder- und Jugendschutz Landesstelle Nordrhein-Westfalen e.V. (Hrsg.) (2012). CyberMobbing. Informationen für Eltern und Fachkräfte. Essen: Drei-W-Verlag.
  • FÖRSTER, Julia (2013). Cybermobbing am Arbeitsplatz: Präventive und intervenierende Maßnahmen für Führungskräfte. Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag.
  • GRADINGER, P., Strohmeier, D. & Spiel, C. (2009). Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying: Identification of Risk Groups for Adjustment Problems. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 217 (4), 205- 213.
  • GRADINGER, P., Strohmeier, D., & Spiel, C. (2010). Definition and Measurement of Cyberbullying. Cyberpsychology. Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 4(2), Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2019 http://cyberpsychology.eu/view.php?cisloclanku= 2010112301&article=1.
  • GÜNGÖREN, C. Ö., Bektaş, M., Öztürk, E., Horzum, M. B. (2014). Tablet bilgisayar kabul ölçeği – geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Eğitim Bilim, 39(176), 69-79.
  • HAENNES, Kunz (2011). Mobbing in der Schule, Erişim Tarihi: 11.9.2019 https://www.jugendundmedien.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Angebote/mobbing-online.pdf
  • ARBEITSGEMEINSCHAFT KINDER UND JUGENDSCHUTZ NRW (2010). Cyber-Mobbing. Essen: Drei-W-Verlag.
  • HOFFMANN, Gregor Paul (2016): Führungsherausforderung Mobbing. Prävention, Deeskalation und Arbeitsfähigkeit nach Konflikten. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien.
  • JÖRESKOG, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8 user’s reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software.
  • KALAYCI, Ş., (2014). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri (6. Baskı). Ankara: Asil Yayın.
  • KATZER, C. (2013). Cybermobbing-Wenn das Internet zur Waffe wir. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. Erişim Tarihi: 13.08.2019 https://cryptoparty-tuebingen.de/files/20190209/20190209_Tuebingen_CRYPTOPARTY.pdf
  • KATZER, Catarina (2016): Cyberpsychologie: Leben im Netz: Wie das Internet uns ver@ndert. München: Dtv Verlagsgesellschaft.
  • KINDER- UND JUGENDANWALTSCHAFT WIEN (2016). Mobbing bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Erişim Tarihi 21.07.2019, https://kja.at/site/files/2016/06/ Mobbing-Pr%C3%A4vention.pdf.
  • KLEINBAUM, D. G., (1994). Logistic Regression: A Self-Learning Text. New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • KRATZER, C. & Fetchenhauer, D. (2007). Cyberbullying: Aggression und sexuelle Viktimisie-rung in Chatrooms. In M. Gollwitzer, J. Pfetsch, V. Schneider, A. Schulz, T. Steffke & C. Ulrich (Hrsg.), Gewaltprävention bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Grundlagen zu Aggres-sion und Gewalt in Kindheit und Jugend (ss. 123-138). Göttingen: Hogrefe Verlag.
  • LEYMANN, H. (1996). The Content and Development of Mobbing at Work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5 (2), 165-185.
  • MEYDAN, C. H., & Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi Amos uygulamaları. İstanbul: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • NAYLA, Fawzi (2009). Cyber-Mobbing: Ursachen und Auswirkungen von Mobbing im Internet. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
  • NAYLA, Fawzi, Goodwin Bernhard (2012). Cyberbullying-Related Behaviour and Third-Person Effect. In: Michael Walrave/Wannes Heirman/Sara Mels/Christiane Timmermann/Heidi Vandebosch (Hg.): eYouth. Balancing between Opportunities and Risks (163-180). Brüssel: P.I.E-Peter Lang.
  • NEALE, M. N., & Liebert, R. M. (1980). Science and behavior: an ıntroduction to methods of research. London: Prentice Hall International, Inc.
  • ÖZDAMAR, K. (1997). Paket programlar ile istatistiksel veri analizi. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • ÖZDAMAR, K. (2017). Ölçek ve test geliştirme yapısal eşitlik modellemesi IBM SPSS, IBM SPSS AMOS ve MINTAB uygulamalı. Eskişehir: Nisan Kitabevi.PIESCHL, S. & Porsch, T. (2012). Schluss mit Cybermobbing!. Weinheim/Basel: Beltz Verlag.
  • SALMIVALLI, C., Lagerspetz, K.M.J., Bjorkvist, K., Ostermann, K.& Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1-15.
  • SCHNEIDER, C., Katzer C., Leest, U. (2013). Cyberlife-Spannungsfeld zwischen Faszination und Gefahr. Cybermobbing bei Schülerinnen und Schülern. Eine empirische Bestandsaufnahme bei Eltern, Lehrkräften und Schülern/innen in Deutschland. Erişim Tarihi: 02.08.2019 http://www.buendnis-gegen-ybermobbing.de/Studie/cybermobbingstudie.pdf.
  • SCHULTZE-KRUMBHOLZ, A., Zagorscak, P., Siebenbrock, A. & Scheithauer, H. (2012). Medienhelden. Unterrichtsmanual zur Förderung von Medienkompetenz und Prävention von Cybermobbing. München: Ernst Rheinhardt Verlag.
  • SEÇER, İ. (2015). Psikolojik test geliştirme ve uyarlama süreci SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • STAR WARS KID, (2006). Erişim Tarihi: 03.09.2019 https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=HPPj6viIBmU
  • TABACHNICK, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multvariate statistic (4th. Ed.), Needman Heights. MA: Ally & Bacon.
  • TAŞGIN, A, Korucuk, M. (2019). Meslek Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Çoklu Zekâ Alanlarının İncelenmesi. Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi, 12 (2), 550-575.
  • TİYEK, R. (2011). “Yıldırma ve Yönetim Becerileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 2 (1), 104-152.
  • VOGELSANG, W. (2000). Ich bin, wen ich spiele. Ludische Identitiiten im Netz., C. Thimm (Hg.): Soziales im Netz. Sprache, Beziehungen und Kommunikationskulturen im Internet. (ss. 240-259). Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag.
  • WACHS, Sebastian (2009). Bullying unter Schülern: Eine empirisch-quantitative Untersuchung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Cyberbullyings. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag.
  • WEBSTER, Chris (2019). What is Cyberbullying. Erişim Tarihi: 07.08.2019 http://www.cyberbullying.info/resources/downloads/ChrisWebster_WhatIsCyberbullying.pdf
  • WILLARD, Nanacy E. (2007). Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Online Social Aggression, Threats, and Distress. New York: Research Press.
  • YILDIRIM, F. & Naktiyok, S. (2017). The mediating role of organizational support in the effect of transformational leadership on employee empowerment. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 16(1), 292-303.
  • YILDIRIM, F., Ekinci, O. (2019). Mobbing: Nedenleri, Aktörleri Ve Etkileri. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.

Siber Mobbing Ölçeği Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2019, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 294 - 320, 25.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.18795/gumusmaviatlas.627092

Abstract

İnsanlara iletişim, bilgi, eğlence ve yaratıcılık bağlamında birçok
yeni imkân sunan internet erişimli mobil cihazlar, günümüzde özellikle gençler
için büyük bir ihtiyaca dönüşmüş ve günlük yaşamın giderek çevrimiçi bir hâl almasını sağlamıştır. Ancak bu alandaki her
teknolojik gelişme, yeni sorunların ortaya çıkmasına ve gerçek dünyadaki
sorunlu alanların sanal uzaya taşınmasına neden olmuştur. Bu yeni
sorunlardan/fenomenlerden biri de siber mobbingtir.
Akıllı telefonlar, bilgisayarlar ya da internet erişimli başka aygıtlar
yardımıyla sanal uzayda/ortamlarda birinin utanç verici ya da çok samimi
fotoğraf ve videolarını yayınlamak, biri hakkında söylentiler oluşturmak ya da
yaymak, şiddet içerikli paylaşımlar yapmak, artık günümüz dünyasının gerçekleri
arasında yer almaktadır. Bu makalenin amacı, siber mobbing olgusunun kavramsal
çerçevesini çizmek, onu geleneksel mobbingden ayıran farkları ortaya koymak ve
kapsamlı bir ampirik çalışmayla ele alarak Türkçe ölçeğin geçerlilik ve
güvenirlik çalışmasını yapmaktır. Bu doğrultuda 637 katılımcıdan elde edilen
verilere SPSS ve LISREL programları kullanılarak Açımlayıcı ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizleri yapılmıştır. Yüksek güvenirlik
gösteren 8 boyut ve 62 ifade oluşturulmuştur.

References

  • AJS, (2015). Handreichung Cyber-Mobbing. Erişim Tarihi: 07.08.2019 https://ajs.nrw/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/AJS-Handreichung_Cyber-Mob bing.pdf
  • BELLİ, E., Demirel, N. (2016). “An investigation into the mobbing levels of the personnel working at provincial directorate of youth welfare and sports and evaluation of organizational commitment”. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 2(3), ss. 980-990.
  • BITSCHNAU, W. (2014). Schulischer Umgang mit Auffälligkeiten und Problemsituationen, Erişim Tarihi: 07.09.2019 https://docplayer.org/13845128-Mobbing-und-cyber-mobbing.html
  • BUENDNIS-GEGEN-CYBERMOBBING, (2016). Cyberlife II – Spannungsfeld zwischen Faszination und Gefahr. Erişim Tarihi: 02.08.19 https://www.buendnis-gegen-cybermobbing.de/fileadmin/pdf/studien/20160502Cybermobbing2017 End.pdf,
  • BUENDNIS-GEGEN-CYBERMOBBING, (2014). Mobbing und Cybermobbing bei Erwachsenen. Eine empirische Bestandsaufnahme in Deutschland Karlsruhe, Erişim Tarihi: 07.08.2019 https://www.buendnis-gegen-cybermobbing.de/ fileadmin/pdf/ studien/studie_mobbing_ cybermobbing_ erwachsene.pdf
  • BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32, 478-483.
  • BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK, Ş. (2004). Veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegema Yayıncılık.
  • BÜYÜKÖZTÜRK, Ş. (2006). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (6. Baskı). Ankara: Pegema Yayıncılık.
  • CAMPBELL, M., Spears, B., Slee, P., Butler, D. & Kift, S. (2012). Victims’ perceptions of traditional and cyberbullying, and the psychosocial correlates of their victimization. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 17, 389- 401.
  • CATHELL, R. B., & Baggaley, A. R. (1960). The salient variable similarity ındex for factor matching. British Journal of Statistic in Psvchology, 14 (13), 33-46.
  • ÇOKLUK, Ö., Şekercioğlu G., Büyüköztürk Ş., (2014). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Çok Değişkenli İstatistik SPSS ve LISREL Uygulamaları (3. Baskı), Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • DOOLEY, J. J., Pyzalski, J., & Cross, D. (2009). Cyberbullying versus face-to-face bullying: A theoretical and conceptual review. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 217, 182- 188.
  • EBERHARD, G. Fehlau, Christian Stock (2012): Konfliktmanagement: Von Streit bis Mobbing. Haufe-Lexware.
  • EKİCİ, O., Yıdırım F. (2018). Sanal Yaşam ve Sanal Kaytarma. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
  • FILECCIA, M. (2012). Elternarbeit Cyber-Mobbing. Stuttgart: Aktion Jugendschutz – Landesarbeitsstelle BadenWürttemberg.
  • Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kinder- und Jugendschutz Landesstelle Nordrhein-Westfalen e.V. (Hrsg.) (2012). CyberMobbing. Informationen für Eltern und Fachkräfte. Essen: Drei-W-Verlag.
  • FÖRSTER, Julia (2013). Cybermobbing am Arbeitsplatz: Präventive und intervenierende Maßnahmen für Führungskräfte. Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag.
  • GRADINGER, P., Strohmeier, D. & Spiel, C. (2009). Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying: Identification of Risk Groups for Adjustment Problems. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 217 (4), 205- 213.
  • GRADINGER, P., Strohmeier, D., & Spiel, C. (2010). Definition and Measurement of Cyberbullying. Cyberpsychology. Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 4(2), Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2019 http://cyberpsychology.eu/view.php?cisloclanku= 2010112301&article=1.
  • GÜNGÖREN, C. Ö., Bektaş, M., Öztürk, E., Horzum, M. B. (2014). Tablet bilgisayar kabul ölçeği – geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Eğitim Bilim, 39(176), 69-79.
  • HAENNES, Kunz (2011). Mobbing in der Schule, Erişim Tarihi: 11.9.2019 https://www.jugendundmedien.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Angebote/mobbing-online.pdf
  • ARBEITSGEMEINSCHAFT KINDER UND JUGENDSCHUTZ NRW (2010). Cyber-Mobbing. Essen: Drei-W-Verlag.
  • HOFFMANN, Gregor Paul (2016): Führungsherausforderung Mobbing. Prävention, Deeskalation und Arbeitsfähigkeit nach Konflikten. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien.
  • JÖRESKOG, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8 user’s reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software.
  • KALAYCI, Ş., (2014). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri (6. Baskı). Ankara: Asil Yayın.
  • KATZER, C. (2013). Cybermobbing-Wenn das Internet zur Waffe wir. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. Erişim Tarihi: 13.08.2019 https://cryptoparty-tuebingen.de/files/20190209/20190209_Tuebingen_CRYPTOPARTY.pdf
  • KATZER, Catarina (2016): Cyberpsychologie: Leben im Netz: Wie das Internet uns ver@ndert. München: Dtv Verlagsgesellschaft.
  • KINDER- UND JUGENDANWALTSCHAFT WIEN (2016). Mobbing bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Erişim Tarihi 21.07.2019, https://kja.at/site/files/2016/06/ Mobbing-Pr%C3%A4vention.pdf.
  • KLEINBAUM, D. G., (1994). Logistic Regression: A Self-Learning Text. New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • KRATZER, C. & Fetchenhauer, D. (2007). Cyberbullying: Aggression und sexuelle Viktimisie-rung in Chatrooms. In M. Gollwitzer, J. Pfetsch, V. Schneider, A. Schulz, T. Steffke & C. Ulrich (Hrsg.), Gewaltprävention bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Grundlagen zu Aggres-sion und Gewalt in Kindheit und Jugend (ss. 123-138). Göttingen: Hogrefe Verlag.
  • LEYMANN, H. (1996). The Content and Development of Mobbing at Work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5 (2), 165-185.
  • MEYDAN, C. H., & Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi Amos uygulamaları. İstanbul: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • NAYLA, Fawzi (2009). Cyber-Mobbing: Ursachen und Auswirkungen von Mobbing im Internet. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
  • NAYLA, Fawzi, Goodwin Bernhard (2012). Cyberbullying-Related Behaviour and Third-Person Effect. In: Michael Walrave/Wannes Heirman/Sara Mels/Christiane Timmermann/Heidi Vandebosch (Hg.): eYouth. Balancing between Opportunities and Risks (163-180). Brüssel: P.I.E-Peter Lang.
  • NEALE, M. N., & Liebert, R. M. (1980). Science and behavior: an ıntroduction to methods of research. London: Prentice Hall International, Inc.
  • ÖZDAMAR, K. (1997). Paket programlar ile istatistiksel veri analizi. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • ÖZDAMAR, K. (2017). Ölçek ve test geliştirme yapısal eşitlik modellemesi IBM SPSS, IBM SPSS AMOS ve MINTAB uygulamalı. Eskişehir: Nisan Kitabevi.PIESCHL, S. & Porsch, T. (2012). Schluss mit Cybermobbing!. Weinheim/Basel: Beltz Verlag.
  • SALMIVALLI, C., Lagerspetz, K.M.J., Bjorkvist, K., Ostermann, K.& Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1-15.
  • SCHNEIDER, C., Katzer C., Leest, U. (2013). Cyberlife-Spannungsfeld zwischen Faszination und Gefahr. Cybermobbing bei Schülerinnen und Schülern. Eine empirische Bestandsaufnahme bei Eltern, Lehrkräften und Schülern/innen in Deutschland. Erişim Tarihi: 02.08.2019 http://www.buendnis-gegen-ybermobbing.de/Studie/cybermobbingstudie.pdf.
  • SCHULTZE-KRUMBHOLZ, A., Zagorscak, P., Siebenbrock, A. & Scheithauer, H. (2012). Medienhelden. Unterrichtsmanual zur Förderung von Medienkompetenz und Prävention von Cybermobbing. München: Ernst Rheinhardt Verlag.
  • SEÇER, İ. (2015). Psikolojik test geliştirme ve uyarlama süreci SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • STAR WARS KID, (2006). Erişim Tarihi: 03.09.2019 https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=HPPj6viIBmU
  • TABACHNICK, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multvariate statistic (4th. Ed.), Needman Heights. MA: Ally & Bacon.
  • TAŞGIN, A, Korucuk, M. (2019). Meslek Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Çoklu Zekâ Alanlarının İncelenmesi. Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi, 12 (2), 550-575.
  • TİYEK, R. (2011). “Yıldırma ve Yönetim Becerileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 2 (1), 104-152.
  • VOGELSANG, W. (2000). Ich bin, wen ich spiele. Ludische Identitiiten im Netz., C. Thimm (Hg.): Soziales im Netz. Sprache, Beziehungen und Kommunikationskulturen im Internet. (ss. 240-259). Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag.
  • WACHS, Sebastian (2009). Bullying unter Schülern: Eine empirisch-quantitative Untersuchung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Cyberbullyings. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag.
  • WEBSTER, Chris (2019). What is Cyberbullying. Erişim Tarihi: 07.08.2019 http://www.cyberbullying.info/resources/downloads/ChrisWebster_WhatIsCyberbullying.pdf
  • WILLARD, Nanacy E. (2007). Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Online Social Aggression, Threats, and Distress. New York: Research Press.
  • YILDIRIM, F. & Naktiyok, S. (2017). The mediating role of organizational support in the effect of transformational leadership on employee empowerment. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 16(1), 292-303.
  • YILDIRIM, F., Ekinci, O. (2019). Mobbing: Nedenleri, Aktörleri Ve Etkileri. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Oğuzhan Ekinci 0000-0002-1872-2496

Seda Kayapalı Yıldırım This is me 0000-0003-4438-2445

Publication Date October 25, 2019
Submission Date September 30, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ekinci, O., & Kayapalı Yıldırım, S. (2019). Siber Mobbing Ölçeği Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Mavi Atlas, 7(2), 294-320. https://doi.org/10.18795/gumusmaviatlas.627092

e-ISSN: 2148-5232