Research Article
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Is Beauty Just Force? A Corpus-Based Metaphor Analysis

Year 2022, Volume: 33 Issue: 2, 247 - 280, 31.12.2022

Mehmet Aygüneş

https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1125115

Abstract

It is well known that beauty is important for the conceptualization of love (Kövecses,1986). This study aims to determine how beauty is conceptualized. In particular, using a corpus consisting of 73,268 tokens, we investigate what metaphors of beauty are significant in language, and what kinds of source domains it can be mapped onto. The two most important conceptual metaphors that emerged from the study were BEAUTY IS A PHYSICAL OBJECT (59.38%) and BEAUTY IS FORCE (20.52 %). In addition to Kövecses (1986) who claimed that beauty as a force metaphor is important for its conceptualization, this study illustrates that force is not the only significant source domain in the conceptualization of beauty. In fact, beauty as a physical object occupies a larger place in the conceptualization of beauty than beauty as a force. Other less significant metaphors that emerged from the corpus were, beauty is a place (8.29 %), a secret (6.11%), a plant (3.4%), or a nutrient (2.18%). Moreover, it was found that, when beauty is an event structure, a multidimensional mapping is observed between source and target domain, while, when beauty is part of a great chain, the mapping is expressed in terms of a single feature between the source and the target domain.

Keywords

beauty conceptual metaphor theory source domain target domain

References

  • Adıgüzel, M. F. (2020). Metaphoric conceptualization of love pain or suffering in Turkish songs through natural phenomena and natural disasters, Metaphor and Symbol, 35/1, 56-72.
  • Aksan, Y. ve diğ. (2012). Construction of the Turkish National Corpus (TNC). In Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012). İstanbul. Türkiye. http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/papers.html
  • Aksan, Y., Aksan, M., Öze, S. A., Yılmazer, H., Demirhan, U. U., Mersinli, Ü., Bektaş, Y., ve Altunay, S. (2015). Web tabanlı Türkçe Ulusal Derlemi (TUD). Akademik Bilişim’14- XVI. Akademik Bilişim Konferansı Bildirileri, 723-730, 5-7 Şubat, 2014, Mersin Üniversitesi.
  • Aksan, Y. ve Kantar, D. (2007). When LOVE IS A JOURNEY in English and in Turkish. P. Cap ve J. Nijakowska (Haz.), Current trends in pragmatics içinde (ss. 93–109). Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press.
  • Aksan, Y. ve Kantar, D. (2008). No wellness feels better than this sickness: Love metaphors from a cross-cultural perspective, Metaphor and Symbol, 23(4), 262-291.
  • Aksan, Y. ve Aksan, M. (2012). Armed with patience, suffering an emotion: Conceptualization of LIFE, MORALITY and EMOTION. F. MacArthur ve diğ. (Haz.), Metaphor in use: Context, Culture and Communication içinde, (ss. 285-308). John Benjamins.
  • Anderson, W. (2017). Metaphor and diachronic variation. Semino, E. ve Demjén, Z. (Haz.), The Routledge handbook of metaphor and language içinde (ss. 233-247) New York: Routledge.
  • Averill, J. R., Catlin, G., Chon, K. K. (1990). Rules of hope recent research in psychology. Springer-Verlag.
  • Bashour, M., (2006). History and current concepts in the analysis of facial attractiveness. American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 118/3,741-752.
  • Belmi, P. ve Neale, M. (2014). Mirror, mirror on the wall, who's the fairest of them all? Thinking that one is attractive increases the tendency to support inequality. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 124(2), 133–149.
  • Bohrn, I. C., Altmann, U., Lubrich, O., Menninghaus, W., Jacobs, A. M. (2013). When we like what we know – A parametric fMRI analysis of beauty and familiarity. Brain & Language 124, 1–8.
  • Brielmann, A. A., Nuzzo, A., Pelli, D. G. (2021). Beauty, the feeling. Acta Psychologica, 219, 1-12.
  • Caki, N., Solmaz, B. (2013). The effects of facial beauty in personnel selection: a field work in retail sector. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences 84, 1203-1206.
  • Cash, T. F., Rissi, J., Chapman, R. (1985). Not just another pretty face: Sex roles, locus of control, and cosmetics use. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 247–257.
  • Castagna, A. C., Pinto, D. C., Mattila, A., de Barcellos, M. D. (2021). Beauty-is-good, ugly is-risky: Food aesthetics bias and construal level. Journal of Business Research, 135, 633-643.
  • Cazzato, V., Mele, S., Urgesi, S. (2014). Gender differences in the neural underpinning of perceiving and appreciating the beauty of the body. Behavioural Brain Research, 264, 188-196.
  • Chapkis, W. (1986). Beauty secrets: Women and the politics of appearance. South End Press.
  • Coll-Florit, M., Climent, S., Sanfilippo, M. ve Hernández-Encuentra, E. (2021). Metaphors of depression. studying first person accounts of life with depression published in blogs. Metaphor and Symbol, 36/1, 1-19.
  • Danthinnea, E. S., Giorgiannia, F. E., Austin, S. B., Rodgersa, R. F. (2022). Beauty and the big business: A qualitative investigation of the development and implementation of the CVS beauty mark. Body Image 41, 74–83.
  • Demjén, Z., ve Semino, E. (2017). Using metaphor in healthcare: Physical health. Semino, E. ve Demjén, Z. (Haz.), The Routledge Handbook of Metaphor and Language içinde (ss. 385-400). Routledge.
  • Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. (2004). Only two percent of women describe themselves as beautiful. http://www.campaignforrealbeauty.com/press.asp?sectio=news&id=110
  • Erçin, E. (2019). The effect of interaction through gaze-cue sharing on decision making process: an experimental investigation of keynesian beauty contest. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Fausta, N. T., Chatterjee, A., Christopoulos, G. I. (2019). Beauty in the eyes and the hand of the beholder: Eye and hand movements' differential responses to facial attractiveness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 85, 1-11.
  • Gibbs, R. W. (1997). Metaphor, language, and dynamical systems. Semino, E. ve Demjén, Z. (Haz.), The Routledge handbook of metaphor and language içinde (ss. 56-71). Routledge.
  • Göbel, C., Langen, N., Blumenthal, A., Teitscheid, P. Ritter, G. (2015). Cutting food waste through cooperation along the food supply chain. Sustainability, 7(2), 1429–1445.
  • Griffin, A. M. ve Langlois, J. H. (2006). Stereotype directionality and attractiveness stereotyping: Is beauty good or is ugly bad? Social Cognition, 24(2), 187–206.
  • Grothe, M. (2008). I never metaphor I didn’t like A comprehensive compilation of history’s greatest analogies, metaphors, and similes. Harper Collins e-books.
  • Holme, R. (2004). Mind, Metaphor and Language Teaching. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ip, H. Y. (2003). Fashioning appearances: Feminine beauty in Chinese communist revolutionary culture. Modern China, 29(3), 329–361.
  • Jha, M. R. (2016). The global beauty industry: Colorism, racism, and the national body. Routledge.
  • Johnson, M. (1987). The body in the mind, University of Chicago Press.
  • Kaneko, M. ve Sutton-Spence, R. (2017). Metaphor in sign language. Semino, E. ve Demjén, Z. (Haz.), The Routledge handbook of metaphor and language içinde (ss. 263-281). Routledge.
  • Kim, J. (2009). Are you feeling better about your body image? Self-disclosure and psychosocial benefits in Dove’s “Campaign for Real Beauty” online discussion forum. The annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Chicago, IL.
  • Kövecses, Z. (1986). Metaphors of anger, pride and love: A lexical approach to the structure of concepts. John Benjamins.
  • Kövecses, Z. (1988). The language of love: The semantics of passion in conversational English. Bucknell University Press.Thought
  • Kövecses, Z. (2000). Metaphor and emotion. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kövecses, Z. (2002). Metaphor: A practical introduction. Oxford University Press.
  • Köveces, Z. (2010). Metaphor. Oxford University Press.
  • Kövecses, Z. (2017). Conceptual metaphor theory. Semino, E. ve Demjén, Z. (Haz.), The Routledge Handbook of Metaphor and Language içinde (ss. 13-28). Routledge.
  • Köveces, Z. (2020). Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory. CUP.
  • Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, fire, and dangerous things. University of Chicago Press.
  • Lakoff, G. ve Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press.
  • Lakoff, G. ve Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought. Basic Books.
  • Ma, H. (2022). Inner and outer beauty: exploring female beauty in contemporary China, Journal of Gender Studies, 1-13.
  • Man, E. K. W. (2000). Female bodily aesthetics, politics, and feminine ideals of beauty in China. P. Z, Brand (Haz.), Beauty matters içinde (ss. 169–196). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Palumbo, R., Adams, R. B., Hess, U., Kleck, R. E., ve Zebrowitz, L. (2017). Age and gender differences in facial attractiveness, but not emotion resemblance, contribute to age and gender stereotypes. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(1704), 1–8.
  • Petit Lunardo, R., Rickard, B... (2020). Small is beautiful: The role of anticipated food waste in consumers’ avoidance of large packages. Journal of Business Research, 113, 326-336.
  • Pragglejaz Group. (2007). MIP: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 22(1), 1–39.
  • Purvis, J. A., Dabbs, J. M., Hopper, C. H. (1984). The “opener”: Skilled user of facial expression and speech pattern. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 61–66.
  • Ryan, M. J. (2018). A Taste for the Beautiful: The Evolution of Attraction. Princeton University Press.
  • Saltzberg, E. A. ve Chrisler, J. C. (1997). Beauty is the beast: Psychological effects of the pursuit of the perfect female body. Estelle, D. (Haz.), Reconstructing gender: A multicultural anthology içinde (ss. 134–145). Mayfield Publishing.
  • Schröder, U. A. (2009). Preferential metaphorical conceptualizations in everyday discourse about love in the Brazilian and German speech communities, Metaphor and Symbol, 24/2, 105-120.
  • Semino, E., Demjén, Z., Hardie, A., Payne, S., ve Rayson, P. (2018). Metaphor, cancer and the end of life: A corpus-based study. Routledge.
  • Talmy, L. (1988). Force dynamics in linguistics and cognition. Cognitive Science, 12, 49–100.
  • Tsukiura, T.ve Cabeza, R. (2011). Remembering beauty: Roles of orbitofrontal and hippocampal regions in successful memory encoding of attractive faces. Neuroimage, 54(1), 653–660.
  • Weitz, R. (2001). Women and their hair: Seeking power through resistance and accommodation. Gender and Society, 15(5), 667–686.
  • Wen, H. (2013). Buying beauty: Cosmetic surgery in China. Hong Kong University Press.
  • Yu, N. (2008). Metaphor from body and culture, Gibbs, R. W. (Haz.), The Cambridge handbook of metaphor and thought içinde (ss. 247-262). Cambridge University Press.

Güzellik Sadece Güç müdür? Derlem Tabanlı Bir Metafor İncelemesi

Year 2022, Volume: 33 Issue: 2, 247 - 280, 31.12.2022

Mehmet Aygüneş

https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1125115

Abstract

Aşkın kavramsallaştırılmasında güzelliğin önemli olduğu bilinmektedir (Kövecses,1986). Bu çalışmada güzelliğin nasıl kavramsallaştırıldığının belirlemesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çerçevede çalışmada 73.268 sözcükten oluşan bir bütünce üzerinden, dilde güzellik ile ilgili hangi metaforların bulunduğu ve bunların ne tür kaynak alanlarla eşleştiği araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada gözlemlenen iki temel kavramsal metafor; GÜZELLİK, FİZİKSEL BİR NESNEDİR (%59,38) ve GÜZELLİK, GÜÇTÜR (% 20.52) metaforlarıdır. Gücün güzelliğin kavramsallaşması için önemli olduğunu belirten Kövecses (1986)’e ek olarak bu çalışma, gücün güzelliğin kavramsallaştırmasında tek kaynak alan olmadığını göstermektedir. Aslında güzelliğin kavramsallaşmasında fiziksel bir nesne olarak güzellik, bir güç olarak güzellikten daha büyük bir yer tutmaktadır. Derlemde ortaya çıkan diğer daha az anlamlı metaforlar ise güzelliğin bir yer (%8,29), bir giz (%6,11), bir bitki (%3,4) veya bir besin (%2,18) olarak kavramsallaşmasını içermektedir. Dahası güzelliğin bir olay yapısı sunduğunda kaynak ve hedef alan arasında çok boyutlu bir eşleşmenin oluştuğu, güzelliğin büyük zincirin parçası olması durumunda ise, kaynak ve hedef alan arasındaki tek bir özelliğin eşleşmesinin oluştuğu gözlenmiştir.

Keywords

güzellik kavramsal metafor kuramı kaynak alan hedef alan

References

  • Adıgüzel, M. F. (2020). Metaphoric conceptualization of love pain or suffering in Turkish songs through natural phenomena and natural disasters, Metaphor and Symbol, 35/1, 56-72.
  • Aksan, Y. ve diğ. (2012). Construction of the Turkish National Corpus (TNC). In Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012). İstanbul. Türkiye. http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/papers.html
  • Aksan, Y., Aksan, M., Öze, S. A., Yılmazer, H., Demirhan, U. U., Mersinli, Ü., Bektaş, Y., ve Altunay, S. (2015). Web tabanlı Türkçe Ulusal Derlemi (TUD). Akademik Bilişim’14- XVI. Akademik Bilişim Konferansı Bildirileri, 723-730, 5-7 Şubat, 2014, Mersin Üniversitesi.
  • Aksan, Y. ve Kantar, D. (2007). When LOVE IS A JOURNEY in English and in Turkish. P. Cap ve J. Nijakowska (Haz.), Current trends in pragmatics içinde (ss. 93–109). Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Press.
  • Aksan, Y. ve Kantar, D. (2008). No wellness feels better than this sickness: Love metaphors from a cross-cultural perspective, Metaphor and Symbol, 23(4), 262-291.
  • Aksan, Y. ve Aksan, M. (2012). Armed with patience, suffering an emotion: Conceptualization of LIFE, MORALITY and EMOTION. F. MacArthur ve diğ. (Haz.), Metaphor in use: Context, Culture and Communication içinde, (ss. 285-308). John Benjamins.
  • Anderson, W. (2017). Metaphor and diachronic variation. Semino, E. ve Demjén, Z. (Haz.), The Routledge handbook of metaphor and language içinde (ss. 233-247) New York: Routledge.
  • Averill, J. R., Catlin, G., Chon, K. K. (1990). Rules of hope recent research in psychology. Springer-Verlag.
  • Bashour, M., (2006). History and current concepts in the analysis of facial attractiveness. American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 118/3,741-752.
  • Belmi, P. ve Neale, M. (2014). Mirror, mirror on the wall, who's the fairest of them all? Thinking that one is attractive increases the tendency to support inequality. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 124(2), 133–149.
  • Bohrn, I. C., Altmann, U., Lubrich, O., Menninghaus, W., Jacobs, A. M. (2013). When we like what we know – A parametric fMRI analysis of beauty and familiarity. Brain & Language 124, 1–8.
  • Brielmann, A. A., Nuzzo, A., Pelli, D. G. (2021). Beauty, the feeling. Acta Psychologica, 219, 1-12.
  • Caki, N., Solmaz, B. (2013). The effects of facial beauty in personnel selection: a field work in retail sector. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences 84, 1203-1206.
  • Cash, T. F., Rissi, J., Chapman, R. (1985). Not just another pretty face: Sex roles, locus of control, and cosmetics use. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 11, 247–257.
  • Castagna, A. C., Pinto, D. C., Mattila, A., de Barcellos, M. D. (2021). Beauty-is-good, ugly is-risky: Food aesthetics bias and construal level. Journal of Business Research, 135, 633-643.
  • Cazzato, V., Mele, S., Urgesi, S. (2014). Gender differences in the neural underpinning of perceiving and appreciating the beauty of the body. Behavioural Brain Research, 264, 188-196.
  • Chapkis, W. (1986). Beauty secrets: Women and the politics of appearance. South End Press.
  • Coll-Florit, M., Climent, S., Sanfilippo, M. ve Hernández-Encuentra, E. (2021). Metaphors of depression. studying first person accounts of life with depression published in blogs. Metaphor and Symbol, 36/1, 1-19.
  • Danthinnea, E. S., Giorgiannia, F. E., Austin, S. B., Rodgersa, R. F. (2022). Beauty and the big business: A qualitative investigation of the development and implementation of the CVS beauty mark. Body Image 41, 74–83.
  • Demjén, Z., ve Semino, E. (2017). Using metaphor in healthcare: Physical health. Semino, E. ve Demjén, Z. (Haz.), The Routledge Handbook of Metaphor and Language içinde (ss. 385-400). Routledge.
  • Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. (2004). Only two percent of women describe themselves as beautiful. http://www.campaignforrealbeauty.com/press.asp?sectio=news&id=110
  • Erçin, E. (2019). The effect of interaction through gaze-cue sharing on decision making process: an experimental investigation of keynesian beauty contest. [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Fausta, N. T., Chatterjee, A., Christopoulos, G. I. (2019). Beauty in the eyes and the hand of the beholder: Eye and hand movements' differential responses to facial attractiveness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 85, 1-11.
  • Gibbs, R. W. (1997). Metaphor, language, and dynamical systems. Semino, E. ve Demjén, Z. (Haz.), The Routledge handbook of metaphor and language içinde (ss. 56-71). Routledge.
  • Göbel, C., Langen, N., Blumenthal, A., Teitscheid, P. Ritter, G. (2015). Cutting food waste through cooperation along the food supply chain. Sustainability, 7(2), 1429–1445.
  • Griffin, A. M. ve Langlois, J. H. (2006). Stereotype directionality and attractiveness stereotyping: Is beauty good or is ugly bad? Social Cognition, 24(2), 187–206.
  • Grothe, M. (2008). I never metaphor I didn’t like A comprehensive compilation of history’s greatest analogies, metaphors, and similes. Harper Collins e-books.
  • Holme, R. (2004). Mind, Metaphor and Language Teaching. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ip, H. Y. (2003). Fashioning appearances: Feminine beauty in Chinese communist revolutionary culture. Modern China, 29(3), 329–361.
  • Jha, M. R. (2016). The global beauty industry: Colorism, racism, and the national body. Routledge.
  • Johnson, M. (1987). The body in the mind, University of Chicago Press.
  • Kaneko, M. ve Sutton-Spence, R. (2017). Metaphor in sign language. Semino, E. ve Demjén, Z. (Haz.), The Routledge handbook of metaphor and language içinde (ss. 263-281). Routledge.
  • Kim, J. (2009). Are you feeling better about your body image? Self-disclosure and psychosocial benefits in Dove’s “Campaign for Real Beauty” online discussion forum. The annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Chicago, IL.
  • Kövecses, Z. (1986). Metaphors of anger, pride and love: A lexical approach to the structure of concepts. John Benjamins.
  • Kövecses, Z. (1988). The language of love: The semantics of passion in conversational English. Bucknell University Press.Thought
  • Kövecses, Z. (2000). Metaphor and emotion. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kövecses, Z. (2002). Metaphor: A practical introduction. Oxford University Press.
  • Köveces, Z. (2010). Metaphor. Oxford University Press.
  • Kövecses, Z. (2017). Conceptual metaphor theory. Semino, E. ve Demjén, Z. (Haz.), The Routledge Handbook of Metaphor and Language içinde (ss. 13-28). Routledge.
  • Köveces, Z. (2020). Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory. CUP.
  • Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, fire, and dangerous things. University of Chicago Press.
  • Lakoff, G. ve Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press.
  • Lakoff, G. ve Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought. Basic Books.
  • Ma, H. (2022). Inner and outer beauty: exploring female beauty in contemporary China, Journal of Gender Studies, 1-13.
  • Man, E. K. W. (2000). Female bodily aesthetics, politics, and feminine ideals of beauty in China. P. Z, Brand (Haz.), Beauty matters içinde (ss. 169–196). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Palumbo, R., Adams, R. B., Hess, U., Kleck, R. E., ve Zebrowitz, L. (2017). Age and gender differences in facial attractiveness, but not emotion resemblance, contribute to age and gender stereotypes. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(1704), 1–8.
  • Petit Lunardo, R., Rickard, B... (2020). Small is beautiful: The role of anticipated food waste in consumers’ avoidance of large packages. Journal of Business Research, 113, 326-336.
  • Pragglejaz Group. (2007). MIP: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 22(1), 1–39.
  • Purvis, J. A., Dabbs, J. M., Hopper, C. H. (1984). The “opener”: Skilled user of facial expression and speech pattern. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 61–66.
  • Ryan, M. J. (2018). A Taste for the Beautiful: The Evolution of Attraction. Princeton University Press.
  • Saltzberg, E. A. ve Chrisler, J. C. (1997). Beauty is the beast: Psychological effects of the pursuit of the perfect female body. Estelle, D. (Haz.), Reconstructing gender: A multicultural anthology içinde (ss. 134–145). Mayfield Publishing.
  • Schröder, U. A. (2009). Preferential metaphorical conceptualizations in everyday discourse about love in the Brazilian and German speech communities, Metaphor and Symbol, 24/2, 105-120.
  • Semino, E., Demjén, Z., Hardie, A., Payne, S., ve Rayson, P. (2018). Metaphor, cancer and the end of life: A corpus-based study. Routledge.
  • Talmy, L. (1988). Force dynamics in linguistics and cognition. Cognitive Science, 12, 49–100.
  • Tsukiura, T.ve Cabeza, R. (2011). Remembering beauty: Roles of orbitofrontal and hippocampal regions in successful memory encoding of attractive faces. Neuroimage, 54(1), 653–660.
  • Weitz, R. (2001). Women and their hair: Seeking power through resistance and accommodation. Gender and Society, 15(5), 667–686.
  • Wen, H. (2013). Buying beauty: Cosmetic surgery in China. Hong Kong University Press.
  • Yu, N. (2008). Metaphor from body and culture, Gibbs, R. W. (Haz.), The Cambridge handbook of metaphor and thought içinde (ss. 247-262). Cambridge University Press.
There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Linguistics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mehmet Aygüneş 0000-0002-0327-6905

Publication Date December 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022Volume: 33 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Aygüneş, M. (2022). Güzellik Sadece Güç müdür? Derlem Tabanlı Bir Metafor İncelemesi. Dilbilim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 33(2), 247-280. https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1125115

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Journal DOI: 10.18492/dad