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Covid-19 mRNA BNT162b2 aşısı sonrası Anti-SARS-Cov-2 S-RBD IgG antikorlarının değerlendirilmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 290 - 299, 17.08.2023

Efdal Oktay Gultekin Onur Gültekin

Abstract

Amaç: SARS-CoV-2'ye karşı doğal olarak geliştirilen antikorların araştırılması, epidemiyolojik açıdan büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, iki doz BNT162b2 aşısından sonra spike proteinine (S-RBD IgG) (S-RDB protein IgG) karşı oluşan IgG antikor düzeyleri belirlenmesi ve COVID-19’u asemptomatik geçiren kişilerde bir doz aşıdan sonra ve daha önce COVID-19 geçirmeyen kişilerde iki doz aşıdan sonra antikor yanıtı karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: XXX Devlet Hastanesinde BNT162b2 aşısı olan toplam 153 kişiden, 1. doz aşı uygulamasından hemen önce gönüllü olur formu ile kan alınmıştır. Çalışmaya devamlılık sağlayan 118 kişiden 1. doz aşı uygulamasından 28 gün sonra (2.doz aşı olmadan hemen önce) ve 2. doz aşı uygulamasından 28 gün sonra olmak üzere 2 adet kan örneği daha alınmıştır. Serum örnekleri, SARS-CoV-2 antikorlarını test etmek için rekombinant S1 antijeni ile kaplanmış bir anti-SARS-CoV-2 Quanti-Vac ELISA IgG kiti ile test edilmiştir. Bulgular: Aşı öncesi antikor düzeyleri incelendiğinde; 100 hastada (%65,4) antikor negatif, 4 hastada (%2,6) borderline pozitif ve 49 hastada (%32,0) antikor pozitif olduğu belirlenmiştir. Aşılama sonrası yan etkilerin çoğunluğunun kadınlarda ve 50-59 yaş arası katılımcılarda olduğu belirlenmiştir. Hastaların yaş sınıflarına, cinsiyetlerine, VKİ düzeylerine, mesleklerine, sigara içme durumlarına ve eşlik eden hastalıklarına göre 2. doz antikor düzeyleri açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark olmadığı tespit edilmiştir (p>0.05). Sonuç: SARS-CoV-2'nin yeniden enfeksiyonunu önleyebilecek serum antikorlarının eşik seviyelerini belirlemek için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

Keywords

COVID-19 Anti-SARS-Cov-2 S-RBD IgG BNT162b2 aşısı aşı sonrası yan etki

Supporting Institution

TOROS ÜNİVERSİTESİ

Project Number

2021‐SHMYO‐EOG‐1.

References

  • Gültekin Oktay E, Gültekin O, Coşkun A, Aksak T. Antibody Response Three Months After SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection. Journal of Medical Virology.
  • https://covid19.who.int/.
  • https://covid19.who.int/region/euro/country/tr.
  • Oktay Gültekin E, Gültekin O. Sağlık çalışanlarının COVID-19 aşı tutumu, Turk Mikrobiyol Cemiy Derg 2022; 52(2):119-130.
  • Hall VJ, Foulkes S, Saei A, Andrews N, Oguti B, Charlett A, et al. COVID-19 vaccine coverage in health-care workers in England and effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against infection (SIREN): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet 2021; 397:1725–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00790-X.
  • Dagan N, Barda N, Kepten E, Miron O, Perchik S, Katz MA, et al. BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in a nationwide mass vaccination setting. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:1412–23. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2101765.
  • Largest CDC. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness study in health workers shows mRNA vaccines 94% effective. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/p0514-covid- 19-vaccine-effectiveness.html; 2021.
  • Israel A, Shenhar Y, Green I, Merzon E, Golan-Cohen A, Sch¨affer AA, et al. Largescale study of antibody titer decay following BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine or SARSCoV- 2 infection. medRxiv 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.19.21262111.
  • Walsh EE, Frenck RW, Falsey AR, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, et al. Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RNA-Based Covid-19 Vaccine Candidates. N Engl J Med 2020; 83(25):2439–50. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2027906.
  • Anichini G, Terrosi C, Gandolfo C, Gori Savellini G, Fabrizi S, Miceli GB, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response in Persons with Past Natural Infection. N Engl J Med 2021; 385(1):90–2.
  • BLAIN, Hubert, et al. Antibody response after one and two jabs of the BNT162b2 vaccine in nursing home residents: The CONsort‐19 study. Allergy 2022; 77.1: 271-281.
  • Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med 2020; 383(27):2603-2615.
  • Krammer F, Srivastava K, Alshammary H, et al. Antibody responses in seropositive persons after a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (14):13724.
  • Bradley T, Grundberg E, Selvarangan R, et al. Antibody responses after a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. N Engl J Med 2021.
  • Gobbi F, Buonfrate D, Moro L, et al. Antibody response to the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in subjects with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Viruses 2021; 13(3):422.
  • Muller L, Andree M, Moskorz W, et al. Age-dependent immune response to the Biontech/Pfizer BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 2021.
  • Terpos E, Trougakos IP, Apostolakou F, et al. Age-dependent and gender-dependent antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in health workers and octogenarians after vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Am J Hematol 2021.
  • Buonfrate D, Piubelli C, Gobbi F, Martini D, Bertoli G, Ursini T, et al. Antibody response induced by the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in a cohort of health-care workers, with or without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection: a prospective study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.07.024. Online ahead of print.
  • Favresse J, Bayart JL, Mullier F, Dogn´e JM, Closset M, Douxfils J. Early antibody response in health-care professionals after two doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2). Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;27(1351):e5–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.cmi.2021.05.004.
  • Kageyama T, Ikeda K, Tanaka S, Taniguchi T, Igari H, Onouchi Y, et al. Antibody responses to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and their predictors among healthcare workers in a tertiary referral hospital in Japan. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.07.042. Online ahead of print.
  • Otsuka, S., Hiraoka, K., Suzuoki, M., Ujiie, H., Kato, T., Yokota, I., ... & Ohara, M. Antibody responses induced by the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in healthcare workers in a single community hospital in Japan. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 2022; 28(4), 539-542.
  • Takahashi T, Ellingson MK, Wong P, Israelow B, Lucas C, Klein J, et al. Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes. Nature 2020; 588(7837):315–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2700-3.
  • Fink AL, Engle K, Ursin RL, Tang W-Y, Klein SL. Biological sex affects vaccine efficacy and protection against influenza in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115(49):12477–82. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805268115.
  • Kageyama T, Ikeda K, Tanaka S, Taniguchi T, Igari H, Onouchi Y, ... & Nakajima H. Antibody responses to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in 2,015 healthcare workers in a single tertiary referral hospital in Japan. medRxiv 2021.
  • Chapin-Bardales J, Gee J, Myers T. Reactogenicity Following Receipt of mRNABased COVID-19 Vaccines. JAMA 2021; 325(21):2201. https://doi.org/ 10.1001/jama.2021.5374.
  • Oyebanji OA, Wilson B, Keresztesy D, Carias L, Wilk D, Payne M, et al. Does a lack of vaccine side effects correlate with reduced BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine response among healthcare workers and nursing home residents? Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33(11):3151–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-021-01987-9.
  • Hwang YH, Song K-H, Choi Y, Go S, Choi S-J, Jung J, et al. Can reactogenicity predict immunogenicity after COVID-19 vaccination? Korean J Intern Med 2021; 36(6):1486–91. https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2021.210.
  • Held J, Esse J, Tascilar K, Steininger P, Schober K, Irrgang P, et al. Reactogenicity correlates only weakly with humoral immunogenicity after COVID-19 vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA (Comirnaty(_)). Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9(10):1063. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101063.
  • UWAMINO, Yoshifumi, et al. Young age, female sex, and presence of systemic adverse reactions are associated with high post-vaccination antibody titer after two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: An observational study of 646 Japanese healthcare workers and university staff. Vaccine 2022; 40.7: 1019-1025.
  • Bauernfeind S, Salzberger B, Hitzenbichler F, Scigala K, Einhauser S, Wagner R, et al. Association between reactogenicity and immunogenicity after vaccination with BNT162b2. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9(10):1089. https://doi. org/10.3390/vaccines9101089.
  • Bae S, Lee YW, Lim SY, Lee J-H, Lim JS, Lee S, et al. Adverse Reactions Following the First Dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine and BNT162b2 Vaccine for Healthcare Workers in South Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36(17). https://doi. org/10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e115.
  • Hillus D, Schwarz T, Tober-Lau P, Vanshylla K, Hastor H, Thibeault C, et al. Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of homologous and heterologous prime-boost immunisation with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2021; 9(11):1255–65
  • Peng Y, Mentzer AJ, Liu G, Yao X, Yin Z, Dong D, et al. Broad and strong memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells induced by SARS-CoV-2 in UK convalescent individuals following COVID-19. Nat Immunol 2020; 21(11):1336–45. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-0782-6.
  • Yamayoshi S, Yasuhara A, Ito M, Akasaka O, Nakamura M, Nakachi I, et al. Antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 decline, but do not disappear for several months. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 32:100734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. eclinm.2021.100734.

Evaluation of Anti-SARS-Cov-2 S-RBD IgG Antibodies after Covid-19 mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine

Year 2023, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 290 - 299, 17.08.2023

Efdal Oktay Gultekin Onur Gültekin

Abstract

Aim: Investigation of naturally developed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 is of great epidemiological importance. In this study, it was aimed to determine the IgG antibody levels against spike protein (S RBD IgG) (S-RDB protein IgG) after two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine and to compare the antibody response after one dose of vaccine in people who have asymptomatic COVID-19 and after two doses of vaccine in people who have not had COVID-19 before. Method: Blood was drawn from a total of 153 people who were vaccinated with BNT162b2 at XXX State Hospital, with a voluntary consent form, just before the first dose of the vaccine. Two blood samples were taken from 118 individuals who continued the study, 28 days after the first dose of vaccine (just before the second dose of vaccine) and 28 days after the second dose of vaccine. Serum samples were tested with an anti-SARS-CoV-2 Quanti-Vac ELISA IgG kit coated with recombinant S1 antigen to test for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Results: When the antibody levels before vaccination are examined; It was determined that 100 patients (65.4%) had negative antibodies, 4 patients (2.6%) had borderline positive and 49 patients (32.0%) had positive antibodies. It was determined that the majority of the side effects after vaccination were in women and participants aged 50-59 years. It was determined that there was no statistically significant difference in terms of 2nd dose antibody levels according to the age classes, gender, BMI levels, occupation, smoking status and concomitant diseases of the patients (p>0.05). In conclusion; more research is needed to determine threshold levels of serum antibodies that could prevent reinfection of SARS‐CoV‐2. Conclusion: more studies are needed to determine whether the antibody titers after vaccination reflect the true protective effect against the virus.

Keywords

Covid-19 Anti-SARS-Cov-2 S-RBD IgG BNT162b2 vaccine post-vaccine side effects

Project Number

2021‐SHMYO‐EOG‐1.

References

  • Gültekin Oktay E, Gültekin O, Coşkun A, Aksak T. Antibody Response Three Months After SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection. Journal of Medical Virology.
  • https://covid19.who.int/.
  • https://covid19.who.int/region/euro/country/tr.
  • Oktay Gültekin E, Gültekin O. Sağlık çalışanlarının COVID-19 aşı tutumu, Turk Mikrobiyol Cemiy Derg 2022; 52(2):119-130.
  • Hall VJ, Foulkes S, Saei A, Andrews N, Oguti B, Charlett A, et al. COVID-19 vaccine coverage in health-care workers in England and effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against infection (SIREN): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet 2021; 397:1725–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00790-X.
  • Dagan N, Barda N, Kepten E, Miron O, Perchik S, Katz MA, et al. BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in a nationwide mass vaccination setting. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:1412–23. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2101765.
  • Largest CDC. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness study in health workers shows mRNA vaccines 94% effective. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/p0514-covid- 19-vaccine-effectiveness.html; 2021.
  • Israel A, Shenhar Y, Green I, Merzon E, Golan-Cohen A, Sch¨affer AA, et al. Largescale study of antibody titer decay following BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine or SARSCoV- 2 infection. medRxiv 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.19.21262111.
  • Walsh EE, Frenck RW, Falsey AR, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, et al. Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RNA-Based Covid-19 Vaccine Candidates. N Engl J Med 2020; 83(25):2439–50. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2027906.
  • Anichini G, Terrosi C, Gandolfo C, Gori Savellini G, Fabrizi S, Miceli GB, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response in Persons with Past Natural Infection. N Engl J Med 2021; 385(1):90–2.
  • BLAIN, Hubert, et al. Antibody response after one and two jabs of the BNT162b2 vaccine in nursing home residents: The CONsort‐19 study. Allergy 2022; 77.1: 271-281.
  • Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med 2020; 383(27):2603-2615.
  • Krammer F, Srivastava K, Alshammary H, et al. Antibody responses in seropositive persons after a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. N Engl J Med 2021; 384 (14):13724.
  • Bradley T, Grundberg E, Selvarangan R, et al. Antibody responses after a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. N Engl J Med 2021.
  • Gobbi F, Buonfrate D, Moro L, et al. Antibody response to the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in subjects with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Viruses 2021; 13(3):422.
  • Muller L, Andree M, Moskorz W, et al. Age-dependent immune response to the Biontech/Pfizer BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 2021.
  • Terpos E, Trougakos IP, Apostolakou F, et al. Age-dependent and gender-dependent antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in health workers and octogenarians after vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Am J Hematol 2021.
  • Buonfrate D, Piubelli C, Gobbi F, Martini D, Bertoli G, Ursini T, et al. Antibody response induced by the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in a cohort of health-care workers, with or without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection: a prospective study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.07.024. Online ahead of print.
  • Favresse J, Bayart JL, Mullier F, Dogn´e JM, Closset M, Douxfils J. Early antibody response in health-care professionals after two doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2). Clin Microbiol Infect 2021;27(1351):e5–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.cmi.2021.05.004.
  • Kageyama T, Ikeda K, Tanaka S, Taniguchi T, Igari H, Onouchi Y, et al. Antibody responses to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and their predictors among healthcare workers in a tertiary referral hospital in Japan. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.07.042. Online ahead of print.
  • Otsuka, S., Hiraoka, K., Suzuoki, M., Ujiie, H., Kato, T., Yokota, I., ... & Ohara, M. Antibody responses induced by the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in healthcare workers in a single community hospital in Japan. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 2022; 28(4), 539-542.
  • Takahashi T, Ellingson MK, Wong P, Israelow B, Lucas C, Klein J, et al. Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes. Nature 2020; 588(7837):315–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2700-3.
  • Fink AL, Engle K, Ursin RL, Tang W-Y, Klein SL. Biological sex affects vaccine efficacy and protection against influenza in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115(49):12477–82. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805268115.
  • Kageyama T, Ikeda K, Tanaka S, Taniguchi T, Igari H, Onouchi Y, ... & Nakajima H. Antibody responses to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in 2,015 healthcare workers in a single tertiary referral hospital in Japan. medRxiv 2021.
  • Chapin-Bardales J, Gee J, Myers T. Reactogenicity Following Receipt of mRNABased COVID-19 Vaccines. JAMA 2021; 325(21):2201. https://doi.org/ 10.1001/jama.2021.5374.
  • Oyebanji OA, Wilson B, Keresztesy D, Carias L, Wilk D, Payne M, et al. Does a lack of vaccine side effects correlate with reduced BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine response among healthcare workers and nursing home residents? Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33(11):3151–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-021-01987-9.
  • Hwang YH, Song K-H, Choi Y, Go S, Choi S-J, Jung J, et al. Can reactogenicity predict immunogenicity after COVID-19 vaccination? Korean J Intern Med 2021; 36(6):1486–91. https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2021.210.
  • Held J, Esse J, Tascilar K, Steininger P, Schober K, Irrgang P, et al. Reactogenicity correlates only weakly with humoral immunogenicity after COVID-19 vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA (Comirnaty(_)). Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9(10):1063. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101063.
  • UWAMINO, Yoshifumi, et al. Young age, female sex, and presence of systemic adverse reactions are associated with high post-vaccination antibody titer after two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: An observational study of 646 Japanese healthcare workers and university staff. Vaccine 2022; 40.7: 1019-1025.
  • Bauernfeind S, Salzberger B, Hitzenbichler F, Scigala K, Einhauser S, Wagner R, et al. Association between reactogenicity and immunogenicity after vaccination with BNT162b2. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9(10):1089. https://doi. org/10.3390/vaccines9101089.
  • Bae S, Lee YW, Lim SY, Lee J-H, Lim JS, Lee S, et al. Adverse Reactions Following the First Dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine and BNT162b2 Vaccine for Healthcare Workers in South Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36(17). https://doi. org/10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e115.
  • Hillus D, Schwarz T, Tober-Lau P, Vanshylla K, Hastor H, Thibeault C, et al. Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of homologous and heterologous prime-boost immunisation with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2021; 9(11):1255–65
  • Peng Y, Mentzer AJ, Liu G, Yao X, Yin Z, Dong D, et al. Broad and strong memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells induced by SARS-CoV-2 in UK convalescent individuals following COVID-19. Nat Immunol 2020; 21(11):1336–45. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-0782-6.
  • Yamayoshi S, Yasuhara A, Ito M, Akasaka O, Nakamura M, Nakachi I, et al. Antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 decline, but do not disappear for several months. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 32:100734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. eclinm.2021.100734.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Efdal Oktay Gultekin 0000-0002-0962-152X

Onur Gültekin This is me 0000-0003-3444-9044

Project Number 2021‐SHMYO‐EOG‐1.
Early Pub Date August 2, 2023
Publication Date August 17, 2023
Submission Date January 6, 2023
Acceptance Date March 28, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 16 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Oktay Gultekin, E., & Gültekin, O. (2023). Covid-19 mRNA BNT162b2 aşısı sonrası Anti-SARS-Cov-2 S-RBD IgG antikorlarının değerlendirilmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(2), 290-299.
AMA Oktay Gultekin E, Gültekin O. Covid-19 mRNA BNT162b2 aşısı sonrası Anti-SARS-Cov-2 S-RBD IgG antikorlarının değerlendirilmesi. Mersin Univ Saglık Bilim derg. August 2023;16(2):290-299.
Chicago Oktay Gultekin, Efdal, and Onur Gültekin. “Covid-19 MRNA BNT162b2 aşısı Sonrası Anti-SARS-Cov-2 S-RBD IgG antikorlarının değerlendirilmesi”. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 16, no. 2 (August 2023): 290-99.
EndNote Oktay Gultekin E, Gültekin O (August 1, 2023) Covid-19 mRNA BNT162b2 aşısı sonrası Anti-SARS-Cov-2 S-RBD IgG antikorlarının değerlendirilmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 16 2 290–299.
IEEE E. Oktay Gultekin and O. Gültekin, “Covid-19 mRNA BNT162b2 aşısı sonrası Anti-SARS-Cov-2 S-RBD IgG antikorlarının değerlendirilmesi”, Mersin Univ Saglık Bilim derg, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 290–299, 2023.
ISNAD Oktay Gultekin, Efdal - Gültekin, Onur. “Covid-19 MRNA BNT162b2 aşısı Sonrası Anti-SARS-Cov-2 S-RBD IgG antikorlarının değerlendirilmesi”. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 16/2 (August 2023), 290-299.
JAMA Oktay Gultekin E, Gültekin O. Covid-19 mRNA BNT162b2 aşısı sonrası Anti-SARS-Cov-2 S-RBD IgG antikorlarının değerlendirilmesi. Mersin Univ Saglık Bilim derg. 2023;16:290–299.
MLA Oktay Gultekin, Efdal and Onur Gültekin. “Covid-19 MRNA BNT162b2 aşısı Sonrası Anti-SARS-Cov-2 S-RBD IgG antikorlarının değerlendirilmesi”. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 16, no. 2, 2023, pp. 290-9.
Vancouver Oktay Gultekin E, Gültekin O. Covid-19 mRNA BNT162b2 aşısı sonrası Anti-SARS-Cov-2 S-RBD IgG antikorlarının değerlendirilmesi. Mersin Univ Saglık Bilim derg. 2023;16(2):290-9.
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