Araştırma Makalesi
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Colors of Hearings: A Subjective Experience of Synesthesia Among Six Siblings

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 124 - 144, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1144465

Öz

The current research aimed to explore, understand and describe the subjective experiences of synesthesia among six self-reported synesthete siblings. For this purpose, we conducted one quantitative and one qualitative study. The first study aimed to measure whether six siblings actually had synesthesia experiences. Six synesthete siblings and their eighteen non-synesthete peers participated in Study 1. First, participants filled out the Eagleman Synesthesia Test Battery - Synesthesia Type Scale. Then, we asked the participants to match some words we randomly selected from the Turkish dictionary with colors on a color scale. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons showed that six siblings statistically and consistently matched words with specific colors compared to their non-synesthete peers, and these colors hardly changed over time. In study 2, we interviewed these siblings and aimed to investigate their synesthetic experiences using an interpretative phenomenological analysis approach. We verbatim transcribed the interviews, and the results showed that three main themes emerged, which were: (1) The nature of the synesthesia experience; (2) Aspects of the synesthesia experience; (3) Time and experience: It may change inter and intraparticipant. We discussed the findings in the context of the persistence and changeability of the synesthetic experience and the uniqueness seen among siblings, even when raised in a similar environment.

Teşekkür

We thank Canan Erdugan, Serpil Yıldız Çoksan, and Savaş Kurt for their assistance in data collection.

Kaynakça

  • Badri, A., Van den Borne, H. W., & Crutzen, R. (2013). Experiences and psychosocial adjustment of Darfuri female students affected by war: An exploratory study. International Journal of Psychology, 48(5), 944-953. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.696652
  • Barker, C., Pistrang, N., & Elliott, R. (2016). Small-N designs. (3rd ed.). In Research Methods in Clinical Psychology: An Introduction for Students and Practitioners (pp. 162 – 177). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Baron-Cohen, S., Burt, L., Smith-Laittan, F., Harrison, J., & Bolton, P. (1996). Synaesthesia: Prevalence and familiality. Perception, 25(9), 1073-1079. https://doi.org/10.1068/p251073
  • Baron-Cohen, S., Harrison, J., Goldstein, L. H., & Wyke, M. (1993). Coloured speech perception: Is synaesthesia what happens when modularity breaks down? Perception, 22(4), 419-426. https://doi.org/10.1068/p220419
  • Beeli, G., Esslen, M., & Jäncke, L. (2008). Time course of neural activity correlated with colour-hearing syneasthesia. Cerebral Cortex, 18(2), 379-385. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm072
  • Belser, A. B., Agin-Liebes, G., Swift, T. C., Terrana, S., Devenot, N., Friedman, H. L., ... & Ross, S. (2017). Patient experiences of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 57(4), 354-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817706884
  • Brang, D., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2011). Survival of the synaesthesia gene: Why do people hear and taste words? PLOS Biology, 9(11), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001205
  • Brang, D., Hubbard, E. M., Coulson, S., Huang, M., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2010). Magnetoencephalography reveals early activation of V4 in grapheme-color synesthesia. Neuroimage, 53(1), 268-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.008
  • Brunsden, V., & Hill, R. (2009). Firefighters’ experience of strike: An interpretative phenomenological analysis case study. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 30(1-2), 99-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/03033910.2009.10446301
  • Carmichael, D. A., Smees, R., Shillcock, R. C., & Simner, J. (2018). Is there a burden attached to synaesthesia? Health screening of synaesthetes in the general population. British Journal of Psychology, 110(3), 530-548. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12354
  • Chin, T., & Ward, J. (2018). Synaesthesia is linked to more vivid and detailed content of autobiographical memories and less fading of childhood memories. Memory, 26(6), 844-851. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2017.1414849
  • Cytowic, R. E. (2002). Synaesthesia: A union of the senses, second edition. MIT Press.
  • Cytowic, R. E. & Eagleman, D. M. (2009). Wednesday is indigo blue. MIT Press.
  • Dann, K. T. (1998). Bright colours falsely seen. Yale University Press.
  • Day, S. A. (2005). Some demographic and socio-cultural aspects of synaesthesia. In L. Robertson & N. Sagiv (Eds.), Synaesthesia: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience (pp. 11-33). Oxford University Press.
  • Dixon, M. J., Smilek, D., Duffy, P. L., Zanna, M. P., & Merikle, P. M. (2006). The role of meaning in grapheme-colour synaesthesia. Cortex, 42(2), 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70349-6
  • Drew, S. A., Awad, J. F., Hackney, B. C., & Fenn, E. (2018). Orange is less than green: An examination of bidirectionality in grapheme-colour synaesthesia. Perception, 47(8), 881-891. https://doi.org/10.1177/0301006618779485
  • Eagleman, D. M., & Goodale, M. A. (2009). Why color synesthesia involves more than color. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(7), 288-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.03.009
  • Eagleman, D. M., Kagan, A. D., Nelson, S. S., Sagaram, D., & Sarma, A. K. (2007). A standardized test battery for the study of synesthesia. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 159(1), 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.07.012
  • Fernay, L., Reby, D., & Ward, J. (2012). Visualized voices: A case study of audio-visual synaesthesia. Neurocase, 18(1), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2010.547863
  • Gorven, A., & du Plessis, L. (2018). Corporeal posttraumatic growth as a result of breast cancer: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 0022167818761997. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167818761997
  • Grossenbacher, P. G., & Lovelace, C. T. (2001). Mechanisms of synaesthesia: Cognitive and physiological constraints. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(1), 36-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01571-0
  • Hamada, D., Yamamoto, H., & Saiki, J. (2017). Multilevel analysis of individual differences in regularities of grapheme–colour associations in synaesthesia. Consciousness and Cognition, 53, 122-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2017.05.007
  • Haupt, D. F. (2018). Challenged life: How to live and cope with slow physical decline. SFU Forschungsbulletin, 6(1), 29-45. https://doi.org/10.15135/2018.6.1.29-45
  • Hupé, J. M., Bordier, C., & Dojat, M. (2012). The neural bases of grapheme–color synesthesia are not localized in real color-sensitive areas. Cerebral Cortex, 22(7), 1622-1633. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr236
  • Larkin, M., Watts, S., & Clifton, E. (2006). Giving voice and making sense in interpretative phenomenological analysis. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 102-120. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp062oa
  • Lloyd, D. M., Lewis, E., Payne, J., & Wilson, L. (2012). A qualitative analysis of sensory phenomena induced by perceptual deprivation. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 11(1), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-011-9233-z
  • Mankin, J. L., & Simner, J. (2017). A is for apple: The role of letter–word associations in the development of grapheme–colour synaesthesia. Multisensory Research, 30(3-5), 409-446. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002554
  • Miozzo, M., & Laeng, B. (2016). Why saturday could be both green and red in synaesthesia. Cognitive Processing, 17(4), 337-355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-016-0769-2
  • Rich, A. N., Bradshaw, J. L., & Mattingley, J. B. (2005). A systematic, large-scale study of synaesthesia: Implications for the role of early experience in lexical-colour associations. Cognition, 98(1), 53-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2004.11.003
  • Rogowska, A. M. (2011). Categorization of synaesthesia. Review of General Psychology, 15(3), 213-227. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024078
  • Root, N. B., Rouw, R., Asano, M., Kim, C. Y., Melero, H., Yokosawa, K., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2018). Why is the synaesthete's “A” red? Using a five-language dataset to disentangle the effects of shape, sound, semantics, and ordinality on inducer–concurrent relationships in grapheme-colour synaesthesia. Cortex, 99, 375-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.12.003
  • Rouw, R., Scholte, H. S., & Colizoli, O. (2011). Brain areas involved in synaesthesia: A review. Journal of Neuropsychology, 5(2), 214-242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-6653.2011.02006.x
  • Simner, J., & Hubbard, E. M. (2013). The Oxford handbook of synesthesia. Oxford University Press.
  • Simner, J., Ipser, A., Smees, R., & Alvarez, J. (2017). Does synaesthesia age? Changes in the quality and consistency of synaesthetic associations. Neuropsychologia, 106, 407-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.09.013
  • Simner, J., Mulvenna, C., Sagiv, N., Tsakanikos, E., Witherby, S. A., Fraser, C., Scott, C., & Ward, J. (2006). Synaesthesia: The prevalence of atypical cross-modal experiences. Perception, 35(8), 1024-1033. https://doi.org/10.1068/p5469
  • Simner, J., Smees, R., Rinaldi, L. J., & Carmichael, D. A. (2021). Wellbeing differences in children with synaesthesia: Anxiety and mood regulation. Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite, 13(1), 195-215. https://doi.org/10.2741/878
  • Simmonds-Moore, C. A. (2016). An interpretative phenomenological analysis exploring synaesthesia as an exceptional experience: Insights for consciousness and cognition. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 13(4), 303-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2016.1205693
  • Sinke, C., Neufeld, J., Emrich, H. M., Dillo, W., Bleich, S., Zedler, M., & Szycik, G. R. (2012). Inside a synesthete's head: A functional connectivity analysis with grapheme-color synesthetes. Neuropsychologia, 50(14), 3363-3369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.015
  • Smith, J. A. (2004). Reflecting on the development of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and its contribution to qualitative research in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 1(1), 39-54. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088704qp004oa
  • Smith, J. A. (2011). Evaluating the contribution of interpretative phenomenological analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5(1), 9-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2010.510659
  • Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretive phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research. Sage Publishing.
  • Smith, J. A., & Osborne, M. (2003). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In J. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (pp. 53-80). Sage Publishing.
  • Thorndike, R. M., & Thorndike-Christ, T. M. (2013). Measurement and evaluation in psychology and education. Pearson Higher Education Press.
  • Ward, J., & Simner, J. (2005). Is synaesthesia an X-linked dominant trait with lethality in males?. Perception, 34(5), 611-623. https://doi.org/10.1068/p5

Seslerin Renkleri: Altı Kardeşin Öznel Sinestezi Deneyimleri

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 124 - 144, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1144465

Öz

Bu çalışma sinestezik deneyimleri olduğunu ifade eden altı kardeşin deneyimlerini keşfetmeyi, anlamayı ve betimlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç bir nicel ve bir nitel araştırma yürütülmüştür. Birinci araştırma, altı kardeşin sinestezik deneyimlerini görgül olarak sınamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bunun için sinestezi deneyimlediğini belirten 6 katılımcı ile bu deneyimi belirtmeyen 18 akran araştırmaya katılmıştır. Katılımcılar ilk olarak Eagleman Sinestezi Test Bataryası – Sinestezi Tipi Ölçeği’ni doldurmuşlardır. Ardından tüm katılımcılardan, araştırmacılar tarafından güncel Türkçe sözlükten seçkisiz olarak seçilmiş çeşitli kelimeleri bir renk yelpazesindeki renklerle ilişkilendirmeleri istenmiştir. Hem kesitsel hem de boylamsal karşılaştırmalar, sinestezik deneyim belirten altı kardeşin akranlarına kıyasla kelimeleri tutarlı ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı biçimde, belirli renklerle eşleştirdiklerini ve bu eşleştirmelerin zaman içerisinde neredeyse hiç değişmediğine göstermiştir. İkinci çalışmada öznel sinestezik deneyimlerini ortaya koymak adına bu altı kardeş ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiş ve veriler yorumlayıcı fenomenolojik analiz ile irdelenmiştir. Bulgular, kardeşlerin yanıtlarının üç temel tema etrafında kümelendiğini göstermiştir: (1) Sinestezi deneyiminin doğası; (2) Sinestezi deneyiminin özellikleri; (3) Zaman ve deneyim: Deneyim katılımcılar arası ve katılımcı içi değişebilir. Bulgular, benzer bir ortamda yetiştirilse bile kardeşler arasında görülen sinestezik deneyimin kalıcılığı ve değişebilirliği bağlamında tartışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Badri, A., Van den Borne, H. W., & Crutzen, R. (2013). Experiences and psychosocial adjustment of Darfuri female students affected by war: An exploratory study. International Journal of Psychology, 48(5), 944-953. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.696652
  • Barker, C., Pistrang, N., & Elliott, R. (2016). Small-N designs. (3rd ed.). In Research Methods in Clinical Psychology: An Introduction for Students and Practitioners (pp. 162 – 177). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Baron-Cohen, S., Burt, L., Smith-Laittan, F., Harrison, J., & Bolton, P. (1996). Synaesthesia: Prevalence and familiality. Perception, 25(9), 1073-1079. https://doi.org/10.1068/p251073
  • Baron-Cohen, S., Harrison, J., Goldstein, L. H., & Wyke, M. (1993). Coloured speech perception: Is synaesthesia what happens when modularity breaks down? Perception, 22(4), 419-426. https://doi.org/10.1068/p220419
  • Beeli, G., Esslen, M., & Jäncke, L. (2008). Time course of neural activity correlated with colour-hearing syneasthesia. Cerebral Cortex, 18(2), 379-385. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm072
  • Belser, A. B., Agin-Liebes, G., Swift, T. C., Terrana, S., Devenot, N., Friedman, H. L., ... & Ross, S. (2017). Patient experiences of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 57(4), 354-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817706884
  • Brang, D., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2011). Survival of the synaesthesia gene: Why do people hear and taste words? PLOS Biology, 9(11), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001205
  • Brang, D., Hubbard, E. M., Coulson, S., Huang, M., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2010). Magnetoencephalography reveals early activation of V4 in grapheme-color synesthesia. Neuroimage, 53(1), 268-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.008
  • Brunsden, V., & Hill, R. (2009). Firefighters’ experience of strike: An interpretative phenomenological analysis case study. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 30(1-2), 99-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/03033910.2009.10446301
  • Carmichael, D. A., Smees, R., Shillcock, R. C., & Simner, J. (2018). Is there a burden attached to synaesthesia? Health screening of synaesthetes in the general population. British Journal of Psychology, 110(3), 530-548. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12354
  • Chin, T., & Ward, J. (2018). Synaesthesia is linked to more vivid and detailed content of autobiographical memories and less fading of childhood memories. Memory, 26(6), 844-851. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2017.1414849
  • Cytowic, R. E. (2002). Synaesthesia: A union of the senses, second edition. MIT Press.
  • Cytowic, R. E. & Eagleman, D. M. (2009). Wednesday is indigo blue. MIT Press.
  • Dann, K. T. (1998). Bright colours falsely seen. Yale University Press.
  • Day, S. A. (2005). Some demographic and socio-cultural aspects of synaesthesia. In L. Robertson & N. Sagiv (Eds.), Synaesthesia: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience (pp. 11-33). Oxford University Press.
  • Dixon, M. J., Smilek, D., Duffy, P. L., Zanna, M. P., & Merikle, P. M. (2006). The role of meaning in grapheme-colour synaesthesia. Cortex, 42(2), 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70349-6
  • Drew, S. A., Awad, J. F., Hackney, B. C., & Fenn, E. (2018). Orange is less than green: An examination of bidirectionality in grapheme-colour synaesthesia. Perception, 47(8), 881-891. https://doi.org/10.1177/0301006618779485
  • Eagleman, D. M., & Goodale, M. A. (2009). Why color synesthesia involves more than color. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(7), 288-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.03.009
  • Eagleman, D. M., Kagan, A. D., Nelson, S. S., Sagaram, D., & Sarma, A. K. (2007). A standardized test battery for the study of synesthesia. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 159(1), 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.07.012
  • Fernay, L., Reby, D., & Ward, J. (2012). Visualized voices: A case study of audio-visual synaesthesia. Neurocase, 18(1), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2010.547863
  • Gorven, A., & du Plessis, L. (2018). Corporeal posttraumatic growth as a result of breast cancer: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 0022167818761997. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167818761997
  • Grossenbacher, P. G., & Lovelace, C. T. (2001). Mechanisms of synaesthesia: Cognitive and physiological constraints. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(1), 36-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01571-0
  • Hamada, D., Yamamoto, H., & Saiki, J. (2017). Multilevel analysis of individual differences in regularities of grapheme–colour associations in synaesthesia. Consciousness and Cognition, 53, 122-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2017.05.007
  • Haupt, D. F. (2018). Challenged life: How to live and cope with slow physical decline. SFU Forschungsbulletin, 6(1), 29-45. https://doi.org/10.15135/2018.6.1.29-45
  • Hupé, J. M., Bordier, C., & Dojat, M. (2012). The neural bases of grapheme–color synesthesia are not localized in real color-sensitive areas. Cerebral Cortex, 22(7), 1622-1633. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr236
  • Larkin, M., Watts, S., & Clifton, E. (2006). Giving voice and making sense in interpretative phenomenological analysis. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 102-120. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp062oa
  • Lloyd, D. M., Lewis, E., Payne, J., & Wilson, L. (2012). A qualitative analysis of sensory phenomena induced by perceptual deprivation. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 11(1), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-011-9233-z
  • Mankin, J. L., & Simner, J. (2017). A is for apple: The role of letter–word associations in the development of grapheme–colour synaesthesia. Multisensory Research, 30(3-5), 409-446. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002554
  • Miozzo, M., & Laeng, B. (2016). Why saturday could be both green and red in synaesthesia. Cognitive Processing, 17(4), 337-355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-016-0769-2
  • Rich, A. N., Bradshaw, J. L., & Mattingley, J. B. (2005). A systematic, large-scale study of synaesthesia: Implications for the role of early experience in lexical-colour associations. Cognition, 98(1), 53-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2004.11.003
  • Rogowska, A. M. (2011). Categorization of synaesthesia. Review of General Psychology, 15(3), 213-227. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024078
  • Root, N. B., Rouw, R., Asano, M., Kim, C. Y., Melero, H., Yokosawa, K., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2018). Why is the synaesthete's “A” red? Using a five-language dataset to disentangle the effects of shape, sound, semantics, and ordinality on inducer–concurrent relationships in grapheme-colour synaesthesia. Cortex, 99, 375-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.12.003
  • Rouw, R., Scholte, H. S., & Colizoli, O. (2011). Brain areas involved in synaesthesia: A review. Journal of Neuropsychology, 5(2), 214-242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-6653.2011.02006.x
  • Simner, J., & Hubbard, E. M. (2013). The Oxford handbook of synesthesia. Oxford University Press.
  • Simner, J., Ipser, A., Smees, R., & Alvarez, J. (2017). Does synaesthesia age? Changes in the quality and consistency of synaesthetic associations. Neuropsychologia, 106, 407-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.09.013
  • Simner, J., Mulvenna, C., Sagiv, N., Tsakanikos, E., Witherby, S. A., Fraser, C., Scott, C., & Ward, J. (2006). Synaesthesia: The prevalence of atypical cross-modal experiences. Perception, 35(8), 1024-1033. https://doi.org/10.1068/p5469
  • Simner, J., Smees, R., Rinaldi, L. J., & Carmichael, D. A. (2021). Wellbeing differences in children with synaesthesia: Anxiety and mood regulation. Frontiers in Bioscience-Elite, 13(1), 195-215. https://doi.org/10.2741/878
  • Simmonds-Moore, C. A. (2016). An interpretative phenomenological analysis exploring synaesthesia as an exceptional experience: Insights for consciousness and cognition. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 13(4), 303-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2016.1205693
  • Sinke, C., Neufeld, J., Emrich, H. M., Dillo, W., Bleich, S., Zedler, M., & Szycik, G. R. (2012). Inside a synesthete's head: A functional connectivity analysis with grapheme-color synesthetes. Neuropsychologia, 50(14), 3363-3369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.015
  • Smith, J. A. (2004). Reflecting on the development of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and its contribution to qualitative research in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 1(1), 39-54. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088704qp004oa
  • Smith, J. A. (2011). Evaluating the contribution of interpretative phenomenological analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5(1), 9-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2010.510659
  • Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretive phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research. Sage Publishing.
  • Smith, J. A., & Osborne, M. (2003). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In J. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (pp. 53-80). Sage Publishing.
  • Thorndike, R. M., & Thorndike-Christ, T. M. (2013). Measurement and evaluation in psychology and education. Pearson Higher Education Press.
  • Ward, J., & Simner, J. (2005). Is synaesthesia an X-linked dominant trait with lethality in males?. Perception, 34(5), 611-623. https://doi.org/10.1068/p5
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Leyla Alma 0000-0002-4004-3596

Sami Çoksan 0000-0003-2942-1506

Müjde Koca-atabey 0000-0001-8782-2960

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Temmuz 2022
Kabul Tarihi 16 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Alma, L., Çoksan, S., & Koca-atabey, M. (2023). Colors of Hearings: A Subjective Experience of Synesthesia Among Six Siblings. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(1), 124-144. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1144465