Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Yumuşak kabuklu kaplumbağa evrimi: Akdeniz’deki tek tür, Trionyx triunguis

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4, 1557 - 1571, 24.12.2019

Özgür Güçlü DİLEK Keskin

https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.542967

Öz

Kaplumbağalar, dişsiz, anapsid ve kemik bir kabuk
ile üstleri örtülmüş ovipar özellik gösteren sürüngenlerdir. Kaplumbağaların
vücut morfolojilerinin kökeni sürüngen evriminin en önemli gizemlerinden birini
oluşturmaktadır. Günümüze kadar yapılan çeşitli moleküler
çalışmalar, kaplumbağaların Tuatara, kertenkele ve yılanların dahil olduğu
Lepidosauria grubunun dışında yer aldığı ve timsah ile kuşların bulunduğu
Archosauria grubuna kardeş grup olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Araştırıcılar
kaplumbağaların atası olarak günümüzden 220 MYÖ’ne ait olan Odontochelyidae
isimli yeni bir familya tanımlamışlardır. Söz konusu çalışmaya göre, bilinen
bütün kaplumbağa ve fosillerinin en eskisi Odontochelys olarak tespit edilmiştir.
Kaplumbağaların günümüzde yaşayan en eski grubu olarak bilinen Güneydoğu Asya
orijinli olan Trionychidae familyasına giren kaplumbağalar gece aktif olan
etçil tatlı su kaplumbağalarıdır. Karapas ve plastronlarında epidermis orjinli
plaklar olmamasına rağmen bu bölgelerin üstü ince bir deri ile örtülüdür. Bu
grup üyeleri Asya kıtasının Kratase jeolojik döneminin başlangıcından (yaklaşık
100–140 MYÖ) günümüze kadar gelen, yüksek oranda morfolojik çeşitlilik gösteren
canlılardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Evrim Trionyx triunguis

Kaynakça

  • 1. Meylan P.A., 1987. The phylogenetic relationships of soft-shelled turtles (Family Trionychidae), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 186( 1): 1-101.
  • 2. Carroll R.L., 1987. Heleosuchus: an enigmatic diapsid reptile from the Late Permian or Early Triassic of southern Africa. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 24( 3), 664-667.
  • 3. Deckert K., Deckert G., Freytag G.E., Gunther K., Peters G., Sterba G., 1991.Fische, Lurche, Kriechtiere. In: Die große farbige Enzyklopädie Urania Tierreich, Leipzig; Jena; Berlin (Urania Verlag), 560-729.
  • 4. Zug G.R., 1971. Buoyancy, locomotion, morphology of the pelvic girdle and hind limb, and systematics of cryptodiran turtles, Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 142, 1-98.
  • 5. Van D.P.P., Stuart B., Rhodin G.J., 2000. Asian Turtle Trade: Proceedings of a workshop on conservation and trade of freshwater turtles and tortoises in Asia. Chelonian Research Monographs, 2, 164.
  • 6. Kasparek M., 2001. The nile soft-shelled turtle, Trionyx triunguis, Towards an Action Plan for the Conservation in the Mediterranean”. Report to the 21st Meeting of the Standing committee of the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Bern Convention, Germany, ss.10.
  • 7. Carroll R.L., 1987. Heleosuchus: an enigmatic diapsid reptile from the Late Permian or Early Triassic of southern Africa, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 24: 664-667.
  • 8. Laurin M., Reisz, R.R. 1995. A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 113: 165-223.
  • 9. Lee M.S.Y, 1996. Correlated progression and the origin of turtles, Nature, c. 379, 812-815.
  • 10. Li C., Wu X., Rieppel O., Wang L., Zhao L., 2008. An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China. Nature, 456: 497–501.
  • 11. Gaffney E.S., 1975. A phylogeny and classification of higher categories of turtles, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 155(5): 387-436.
  • 12. Zardoya R., Meyer A., 1998. Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 95: 14226-14231.
  • 13.DeBraga M., Rieppel O., 1997. Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles”, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 120: 281-354.
  • 14. Benton M.J, 1997. Vertebrate palaeontology. Chapman and Hall, London,
  • 15.Liao C.H., Ho W.Z., Huang H.W., Kuo C.H., Lee S.C, Li S.S., 2001. Lactate dehydrogenase genes of caiman and Chinese soft-shelled turtle, with emphasis on the molecular phylogenetics and evolution of reptiles. Gene, 279: 63-7.
  • 16. Kumazawa Y., M. Nishida M., 1999. Complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of the green turtle and blue-tailed mole skink: statistical evidence for archosaurian affinity of turtles. Molecular Biology and Evolution, (16): 784-792.
  • 17. Hennig W., 1983. Stammesgeschichte der Chordaten, Forschritte in der Zoologischen Systematik und Evolutionsforschung, (2): 1-208.
  • 18. Lee M.S.Y., 1997.Pareiasaur phylogeny and the origin of turtles, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, (120):197-280.
  • 19. Mannen H., Tsoi S.C.M., Krushkal J.S., Li W.H., Li S.S.L., 1997. The cDNA cloning and molecular evolution of reptile and pigeon lactate dehydrogenase isozymes, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 14: 1081-1087.
  • 20. Mannen H., Li S.S.L.,1999. Molecular evidence for a clade of turtles, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 13, 144-148.
  • 21. Kumar S., Hedges S.B., 1998. A molecular timescale for vertebrate evolution, Nature, c. 392: 917-920.
  • 22. Platz J.E., Conlon J.M., 1997. Reptile relationships turn turtle. and turn back again, Nature, c. 389: 245-246.
  • 23. Barley, A.J,. Spinks P.Q, Thomson R.C., Shaffer, H.B. Fourteen nuclear genes provide phylogenetic resolution for difficult nodes in the turtle tree of life, Molecular Biology and Evolution, 55 (3): 1189-94, 2010.
  • 24. Rhodin A.G.J, van Dijk D.P.P., Parham J. F., 2009.Turtles of the world: annotated checklist of taxonomy and synonymy. Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises, A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC, Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, Chelonian Research Monographs, , 38-84.
  • 25. Romer A.S.,1957. Osteology of the reptiles. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 32(4): 406-410.
  • 26. Hirayama R., Brinkman D.B., Danilov I.G. 2000. Distribution and biogeography of non-marine Cretaceous turtles”, Russian Journal of Herpetology, 7: 181–198.
  • 27.Lapparent de Broin F., 2000. African chelonians from the Jurassic to the present: phases of development and preliminary catalogue of the fossil record, Paleontologia Africana, 36: 43–82.
  • 28. Joyce W.G., Lyson T.R., 2010. A neglected lineage of North American turtles fills a major gap in the fossil record, Palaeontology, 53: 241-248.
  • 29. Meylan P.A., Gaffney E.S., 1992. Sinaspideretes is not the oldest trionychid turtle, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12: 257-259.
  • 30. Ernst C.H., Lovich J.E., Barbour R.W., 1994. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London, 578.
  • 31. Praschang P., Gemel R., 2002. Identity of the black softshell turtle Aspideretes nigricans (Anderson 1875) with remarks on related species, Faunistische Abhandlungen, 23:87-116.
  • 32.Praschang P., Hundsdörfer A.K., Reza A.H.M.A., Fritz U., 2007. Genetic evidence for wild-living Aspideretes nigricans and a molecular phylogeny of South Asian softshell turtles (Reptilia: Trionychidae: Aspideretes, Nilssonia), Zoological Scripta, 36(4):301–310.
  • 33. Pritchard P.C.H., 1967. Living turtles of the world. T.F.H. Publ., Inc. Jersey City, New Jersey, ss. 200-288.
  • 34. Webb R.G. 1962. North American Recent soft-shelled turtles (Family Trionychidae). University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History Lawrence, 13(10):429-611.
  • 35. Mustoe G.E., S.P.Jr, Girouard, 2001. A fossil trionychid turtle from the early Tertiary Chuckanut Formation of northwestern Washington, Northwest Science, 75: 211–218.
  • 36. Shanas U., Gidiş M., Kaska Y., Kimalov Y., Rosner O., Shlomo R., 2012. The Nile soft-shell turtle, Trionyx triunguis, of Israel and Turkey: Two genetically indistinguishable populations?, Zoology in the Middle East, 57: 61-68.
  • 37. Hutchison J.H, 1982. Turtle, crocodilian, and champsosaur diversity changes in the Cenozoic of the north-central region of western United States”, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, ( 37):147–164.
  • 38. Chkhikvadze VM. Fossil Trionychid turtles from the territory of the former SU”. Forth Asian Herpetological Meeting,Tbilisi, Georgia, 2000.
  • 39. Engstrom T.N, Shaffer H.B., McCord W.P, 2004. Multiple datasets, high homoplasy and the phylogeny of softshell turtles, Systematic Biology, 53(5): 693-710.
  • 40. Lapparent de Broin F., 2001. The European turtle fauna from the Triassic to the Present, Dumerilia, (4):155–217.
  • 41.Danilov Y.G. 2005. Die fossilen Schildkröten Europas. s.. In: Fritz U. (Hrsg.), Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. Band 3/IIIB: Schildkroten II. Wiebelsheim (Aula), 329-441.
  • 42. Joyce W.G, Lyson T.R.2010. A neglected lineage of North American turtles fills a major gap in the fossil record, Palaeontology, (53): 241-248.
  • 43.Dollo L., 1884. Premiere note sur les Cheloniens de Bernissart, Bulletin de Musee royal d’Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 3: 63-79.
  • 44. Siebenrock F., 1909. Synopsis der rezenten Schildkröten mit Berücksichtigung der in historischer Zeit ausgestorbenen Arten, Zoologische Jahrbücher Supplement, 10: 427-618.
  • 45. Bergoinioux F.M., 1955. Chelonia, Traite de Paleontologie, 5:487-544.
  • 46. McDowell S.B., 1961. On the major arterial canals in the ear-region of testudinoid turtles and the classification of the Testudinoidea, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 125(3): 23-39.
  • 47. Gaffney E.S., 1984. Historical analyses of theories of chelonian relationship, Systematic Zoology, 33(3):283-301.
  • 48.Joyce W.G., Parham J.F., Gauthier J.A., 2004. Developing a protocol for the conversion of rankbased taxon names to phylogenetically defi ned clade names, as exemplifi ed by turtles, Journal of Paleontology, 78(5): 989-1013.
  • 49. Shaffer H.B., Meylan P., McKnight M.L., 1997. Tests of turtle phylogeny: molecular, morphological, and paleontological approaches, Systematic Biology, 46(2):235-268.
  • 50.Starkey D.E. 1997. Molecular systematics and biogeography of the New World turtle genera” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Trachemys and Kinosternon, A&M University, Texas,USA.
  • 51. Fujita M.K., Engstrom T.N., Starkey D.E., Shaffer H.B., 2004. Turtle phylogeny: insights from a novel nuclear intron, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31. 1031–1040.
  • 52. Albrecht P.W. 1967. The cranial arteries and cranial arterial foramina of the turtle genera Chrysemys, Sternotherus, and Trionyx: a comparative study with analysis of possible evolutionary implications, Tulane Studies in Zoology , 14: 81-99.
  • 53.Zug G.R., 1971. Buoyancy, locomotion, morphology of the pelvic girdle and hindlimb, and systematics of cryptodiran turtles, Miscellaneous publications (University of Michigan. Museum of Zoology, 142:1-98.
  • 54. DeBroin F., 1977. Contribution à l'étude des Chéloniens; Chéloniens continentaux du Crétacé et du Tertiaire de France”, Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Serie, 38:1–366.
  • 55. Hummel K., 1929. “Die fossilen Weichschildkroten (Trionychia). Eine morphologisch-systematische und stammesgeschichtliche Studie, Geologische und Palaenotologische Abhandlungen, 16:359–487.
  • 56. Engstrom T.N., Shaffer H.B., McCord W.P. 2002. Phylogenetic diversity of endangered and critically endangered southeast Asian softshell turtles (Trionychidae: Chitra), Biological Conservation, 104:173–179.
  • 57.Loveridge A., Williams E.E., 1957. Revision of the African tortoises and turtles of the suborder Cryptodira, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, c. 115:163-557.
  • 58.Ernst C.H., Barbour R.W., 1989. Turtles of the World, Smithsonian Inst. Press, Washington, D.C., 290-313.
  • 59. Li H., Liu J., Xiong L., Zhang H., Zhou H, Jing W., Li J., Shi Q., Wang Y., Liu J., Nie L.,2017. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence dates of softshell turtles (Testudines: Trionychidae) inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, c. 30, ss. 1011-1023.
  • 60. Taşkavak E., Reimann M.J., Polder W.N.1999. First record of Trionyx triunguis from Kos Island, Greece with comments on its occurrence in the eastern Mediterranean, Chelonian Conservation and Biology, (3): 510–512.
  • 61. Kasparek M., Towards an Action Plan for the Conservation of the Nile soft-shelled turtle, Trionyx triunguis in the Mediterranean”. Report to the 21st Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention), Bern, Germany, 2001, 1-10.
  • 62. Taşkavak E., Akçınar S.C., Nil Yumuşak Kabuklu Kaplumbağası Trionyx triunguis (Forsskal, 1775). Ege ve Akdeniz’den Yeni Kayıtları”. XIV. Ulusal Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu’nda sunuldu, Muğla, 2007.
  • 63.Kasparek M., Kinzelbach R., Distribution and bionomics of the Nile soft-shelled turtle, Trionyx triunguis, in the Eastern Mediterranean. Berlin. 1991. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Zoologie, 78:137-159.
  • 64.Spawls S., Howell K., Drewes R. and Ashe J., A field guide to the reptiles of east Africa. Academic Press, New York, 2002, ss. 543.
  • 65. Caspary H.U., Mertens A.D., Niagaté B., Possibilites d’une Exploitation Durable des Ressources Fauniques dans la Réserve de Faune du Bafing’’. Eschborn, Germany, 1998.
  • 66. Hinkel H and Fischer E. Reptiles et Amphibiens du Rwanda et leurs environnemenl. Naturwissen schaftliche Forschungsgruppe Zentral-& Ost-Africa’’. Johannes Gutenberg Universilal, Mainz; Bureau de Coordination, Kigali,1988.
  • 67. Nada M., 2002. An Assessment of the Nile soft-shelled turtle, Trionyx triunguis, in the Nile Delta and its Lagoons, Egypt’’. Commissioned by The Mediterranean Association to Save the Sea Turtles (MEDASSET) and Supported by the British Chelonian Group (BCG). Final Report, 13.
  • 68. Amer S.A., Kumazawa Y., 2009. Complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the endangered Nile soft-shelled turtle Trionyx triunguis, The Egyptian Journal of Experimental Biology (Zoology), 5: 43–50.
  • 69.Burghardt G.M., Ward B, Rosscoe R, 1996. Problem of reptile play: Environmental enrichment and play behavior in a captive nile soft-shelled turtle, Trionyx triunguis, Zoo Biology, 15(3): 223-238.
  • 70.Keller M., 2005. Die Nil-Weichschildkröte, Trionyx triunguis in der Türkei - ein Überblick. Aktionsgemeinschaft Artensutz, 5:1-7.
  • 71. Gidiş M., Kaska Y., 2004. Population size, reproductive ecology and heavy metals in the nile soft-shelled turtle (Trionyx triunguis) around thermal Kükürtlü lake, Muğla-Turkey, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 13( 5):405-412.
  • 72.Bride I., Update Report on the Status of the Nile Soft-shelled Turtle, Trionyx triunguis, in Dalaman and Dalyan, Turkey. Report to the 24nd Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. MEDASSET, Bern, Germany, 2004.
  • 73. Kinzelbach R., 1986. Recent records of the Nile soft-shelled turtle, Trionyx triunguis, and of the Euphrates softshelled turtle, Trionyx euphraticus, in the Middle East, Zoology in the Middle East, 1: 83–87.
  • 74. Baran I., Kasparek M, Marine Turtles Turkey: Status survey 1988 and recommendations for conservation and management. WWF, Kasparek Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 1989, 12-123.
  • 75. Wilson D.S., 1998. Nest-site selection: Microhabitat variation and its effects on the survival of turtle embryos. Ecology, 79 1884–1892.
  • 76. Kasparek M., Nile Soft-Shelled Turtle, Trionyx triunguis In: Group of Experts on the Conservation of Amphibians and Reptiles”. Medasset Report, Bern Convention, T-PVS 18, Strasbourg, Germany, January 63, 2003.
  • 77. Gidiş M, Spinks P.Q., Çevik E., Kaska Y., Shaffer H.B., 2010. Shallow genetic divergence indicates a Congo-Nile riverine connection for the softshell turtle Trionyx triunguis, Conservation Biology, 12: 589-594.
  • 78. Güçlü O., Ülger C., Türkozan O., Gemmel R., Reimann M., Levy Y., Ergene S., Uçar A., Aymak C., 2009.First assessment of mitochondrial DNA diversity in the endangered Nile Softshell Turtle, Trionyx triunguis, in the Mediterranean, Chelonian Conservation Biology, 8(2):222-226.
  • 79. Güçlü O., Ülger C., Türkozan O., 2011. Genetic variation of the Nile Soft-Shelled Turtle (Trionyx triunguis) , International Journal of Molecular Science, 12 (10):6418-6431.
  • 80. Güçlü O., Durmuş S.H., Candan K., Beşer N., Türkyılmaz S., Yerli S., Bozdoğan B., 2015. Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci on Trionyx triunguis (Testudiniata: Trionychidae) in the mediterranean basin, Amphibia-Reptilia, 36: 318-324.
Toplam 80 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Düzeltme Makalesi
Yazarlar

Özgür Güçlü

DİLEK Keskin

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Mart 2019
Kabul Tarihi 29 Temmuz 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

IEEE Ö. Güçlü ve D. Keskin, “Yumuşak kabuklu kaplumbağa evrimi: Akdeniz’deki tek tür, Trionyx triunguis”, Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 4, ss. 1557–1571, 2019, doi: 10.17798/bitlisfen.542967.
 Kapak Resmi İndir



Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi
Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Editörlüğü

Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü        
Beş Minare Mah. Ahmet Eren Bulvarı, Merkez Kampüs, 13000 BİTLİS        
E-posta: fbe@beu.edu.tr