Araştırma Makalesi
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GÜNEY AFRİKA’DA KAMU GİDERLERİ AÇISINDAN ATIK SEKTÖRÜ VE ATIK ÜRETİMİNİ BELİRLEYEN FAKTÖRLER ÜZERİNE AMPİRİK BİR ANALİZİ

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 31, 162 - 185, 26.10.2022

Öz

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, özellikle geri kalmış ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde var olan ve gün geçtikçe de büyüme potansiyeline sahip atık sorununa değinmektir. Bunun için Güney Afrika’daki atık türleri ve kamu atık yönetim faaliyetlerinin kamu giderleri açısından analizleri yapıldı. Ayrıca konuya daha bütüncül yaklaşarak atık sürecinin aşamaları sistemli olarak ortaya koyulmuştur. Bu amaçla atık yönetim hiyerarşisine vurgu yapıldı. Ardından bu hiyerarşinin de işaret ettiği atık sorununun kaynağına odaklanıldı ve atık üretimini tetikleyen ekonomik ve demografik faktörler araştırıldı. Buna paralel olarak çalışmanın sonunda Güney Afrika örneği üzerinde analizler yapıldı. Araştırma sonuçlarının ekonomik ve sosyolojik yapıları benzer diğer ülkelere de örnek oluşturması amaçlanmıştır. Uygulama kısmında Güney Afrika’ya ait 2001-2020 dönemi verileri kullanılarak ARDL eşbütünleşme analizi yapılmıştır. Ülkenin atık üretimini belirleyen ekonomik faktör olarak gayri safi yurtiçi hâsıla (GSYH) belirlenirken, demografik faktör olarak nüfus değişkenleri kullanıldı. Çıkan sonuçlara göre, atık üretimi ile GSYH ve nüfus arasında uzun dönemli ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı etkilere rastlanmıştır. Buna göre GSYH’deki 1 birimlik artış atık üretimini aynı yönde 3,35 birim etkileyeceği, nüfusun ise atık üretimini gene aynı yönde 10,9 birim etkileyeceği sonucuna ulaşıldı. Ayrıca kısa dönemdeki bir dengeden sapmanın atıklar üzerindeki etkisi 1,57 dönem (yıl) sonra azalıp tekrar dengeye geleceği ve bunun istatiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu tespit edildi.

Kaynakça

  • Balı, Selçuk. (2016). “Küresel Finansal/Ekonomik Krizin Sahra Altı Afrika ve Baltık Ülkeleri’nin Ekonomilerine Etkileri”, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9 (45), (Ağustos 2016), 687-697.
  • Begum, Rawshan Ara, Kazi Sohag, Sharifah Mastura Syed Abdullah ve Mokhtar Jaafar, “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic and Population Growth in Malaysia”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, V. 41, 2015, 594-601.
  • Berrens R, Bohara A, Gawande K, Wang P. (1998) “Testing the Inverted U Hypotehsis for US Hazardous Waste: An Application of the Generalized Gamma Model”. Econ Lett, 1998;55(3):435–440.
  • Cole, M, Rayner A and Bates J. (1997) “The EKC: An Empirical Analysis”. Environ Dev Econ, 2:401–416.
  • Couth, R. and C. Trois. (2011). “Waste Management Activities and Carbon Emissions in Africa”, Waste Management, V. 31, pp.131–137.
  • DEFRA (2003) Sustainable consumption and production indicators. London: DEFRA, 2003.
  • Departmant of Environmental Affairs Republic of South Africa (DEA), (2018) South Africa State of Wast Report: Second Draft Report, Pretoria, Departmant of Environmental Affairs,.
  • Desmond, Peter & Milcah Asamba, (2019). “Accelerating the Transition to a Circular Economy in Africa - Case Studies from Kenya and South Africa” ed. Patrick Schröder, Manisha Anantharaman, Kartika Anggraeni, Timothy J. Foxon, The Circular Economy and the Global South, London, Routledge, 2019, pp. 152-173. (https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429434006)
  • Dlamini, S. Simatele, M.D and Kubanza, N.S (2018) “Municipal solid waste management in South Africa: from waste to energy recovery through waste-to-energy technologies in Johannesburg”, Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability 24(3), 249-257.
  • El-Haggar, Salah M. (2007). Sustainable Industrial Design and Waste Management Cradle-to-cradle for Sustainable Development, London: Elsevier.
  • European Environmental Agency (EEA) (1999), Environmental Indicators: Typology and Overview, European Environmental Agency, Chopenhagen.
  • European Council, (2008) Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on Waste and Repealing Certain Directives.
  • European Commission, (2012) How Ecodesign Can Help the Environment by Making Products Smarter,. (https://www.buildup.eu/en/practices/publications/ecodesign-your-future-how-ecodesign-can-help-environment-making-products, 29.02.2020)
  • Godfrey, Linda, Mohamed Tawfic Ahmed, Kidane Giday Gebremedhin, Jamidu H.Y. Katima, Suzan Oelofse, Oladele Osibanjo, Ulf Henning Richter and Arsène H. Yonli (2020) “Solid Waste Management in Africa: Governance Failure or Development Opportunity?” in Regional Development in Africa, ed. Norbert Edomah, Intechopen, 1411-1425. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86974)
  • GreenCape, Waste: Market Intelligence Report 2020, Cape Town, 2020.
  • Hoornweg, Daniel, Perinaz Bhada-Tata and Chris Kennedy, (2013). “Waste Production Must Peak This Century”, Nature, V. 502, (October 2013), pp.615-617. IMF, (2015) Regional Economic Outlook: Sub-Saharan Africa: Dealing with the Gathering Clouds, Washington.
  • Jenna R. Jambeck, Roland Geyer, Chris Wilcox, Theodore R. Siegler, Miriam Perryman, Anthony Andrady, Ramani Narayan, Kara Lavender Law (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean, (https://www.iswa.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Calendar_2011_03_AMERICANA/Science-2015- Jambeck-768-71__2_.pdf (last viewed: June 8, 2019)
  • Johnstone N, Labonne J. (2004)“Generation of Household solid waste in OECD countries: An Empirical Analysis Using Macroeconomic Data”. Land Econ 2004; 80(4): 529–538.
  • Karousakis K. (2006) “MSW Generation, Disposal And Recycling: A Note On OECD İntercountry Differences, Paper Presented At Envecon 2006”. Applied Environmental Economics Conference, 24th March 2006. The Royal Society: London; 2006.
  • Kowalski M, Fischer ve Amann C. (2001) “Beyond IPAT and Kuznets Curves: globalization as a vital factor in analyzing the environmental impact of socio economic metabolism”, Popul Environ.
  • Leigh R. (2004) “Economic Growth As Environmental Policy? Reconsidering the Environmental Kuznets Curve”. J Publ Pol, 2004;24:27–48.
  • Mazzanti, Massimiliano, A. Montini, Roberto Zoboli (2008) “Municipal waste generation, socio-economic drivers and waste management instruments”. J Environ Dev, 17:51–69.
  • Mazzanti, Massimiliano, Roberto Zoboli (2008) “Waste generation, waste disposal and policy effectiveness Evidence on decoupling from the European Union”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52, 1221–1234.
  • National Treasury, Republic of South Africa, Estimates of National Expenditures 2012-2022, http://www.treasury.gov.za/search.aspx?cx=018115738860957273853%3Aj5zowsrmpli&cof=FORID%3A11&q=Estimates%20of%20National%20Expenditure%20, 16.02.2022.
  • Nkosi, L.D. (2014). An Evaluation of The Municipal Solid Waste Management System Within City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, in Mamelodi East Township, Gauteng Province, South Africa. (Master of Public Health, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria.)
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., Smith, R. J. (2001). “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Polasi, T., Matinise, S., & Oelofse, S. (2020). South African municipal waste management systems: Challenges and solutions. Johannesburg: UNEP, IETC, CSIR and Republic of South Africa. South Africa.
  • Republic of South Africa (RSA) (2012) National Environmen Management: Waste Act: National Waste Information Regulations, Government Gazette No: 35583, GNR 625, 13 August 2012, Pretoria.
  • Republic of South Africa (RSA) (2014) National Environment: waste amendment act, Government Gazette No: 37083, GNR 581, 29 November 2013, Pretoria Research and Markets, (2021) Recycling of Waste and Scrap in South Africa 2021, (https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5324605, 18.01.2022).
  • Reynolds-Clausen, Kelly and Niko Singh, (2019) “South Africa’s Power Producer’s Revised Coal Ash Strategy and Implementation Progress”, Coal Combustion and Gasification Products, 11: 10-17.
  • Rodseth C, Notten P, Von Blottnitz H. A revised approach for estimating informally disposed domestic waste in rural versus urban South Africa and implications for waste management. S Afr J Sci. 2020;116(1/2), Art. #5635, 6 pages. https://doi. org/10.17159/sajs.2020/5635
  • Seppala T, Haukioja T, Kaivo-Oja J. (2001) “The EKC hypothesis does not hold for direct material flows: EKC hypothesis tests for DMF in four industrial countries”. Popul Environ, 23(2).
  • South Africa National Development Programme, National Waste Management Strategy 2020.
  • South African Waste Information Centre (SAWIC) - Department of Environmental Affairs, http://sawic.environment.gov.za/index.php?menu=15, 14.01.2022.
  • South Africa Waste Information System (SAWIS) - Department of Environmental Affairs, http://sawic.environment.gov.za/index.php?menu=77, (10.01.2022).
  • Statistics South Africa, Financial Statistics of National Government, 2019/2020.
  • TUTWA Consulting Group (2017) The South Africa Metal Recycling Industry in Focus.
  • United Nationals Environmental Programme (UNEP), Africa Waste Management Outlook: Summary for Decision-Makers, Nairobi, UNEP Publishing, 2018.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Sustainable Materials Management: Non-Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Hierarchy. (https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-non-hazardous-materials-and-waste-management-hierarchy, 20.12.2020).
  • Wang, P, Bohara A, Berrens R, Gawande K. (1998) “A risk based environmental Kuznets curve for US hazardous waste sites”, Appl Econ Lett, 1998;5:761–763.
  • World Bank, (2018) What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050”, World Bank Urban Development Series.
  • World Bank. (2021) More Growth less Garbage, World Bank Urban Development Series.
  • World Bank, Data: South Africa, https://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa (07.01.2022).
  • World Bank and OECD, National Accounts Data: GDP (constant 2015 US$), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD?view=map (07.02.2022)

WASTE SECTOR IN SOUTH AFRICA IN TERMS OF PUBLIC EXPENSES AND ANALYSIS ON THE FACTORS THAT DEFINE WASTE GENERATION

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 31, 162 - 185, 26.10.2022

Öz

The main purpose of this study is to address the waste problem that exists especially in underdeveloped and developing countries and has the potential to grow day by day. For this, analyzes of waste types and public waste management activities in South Africa in terms of public expenditures were made. In addition, the stages of the waste process were systematically revealed by approaching the subject in a more holistic manner. For this purpose, the waste management hierarchy was emphasized. From this hierarchy, it was concluded that the most important stage for long-term waste management policies is the waste generation stage. Then, the economic and demographic factors that triggered the waste production were investigated, and parallel to this, analyzes were made on the South African sample at the end of the study. It is aimed that the results of the research will set an example for other countries with similar economic and sociological structures. In the empirical analysis part, ARDL cointegration analysis was carried out using the 2001-2020 period data of South Africa. While the gross domestic product (GDP) was determined as the economic factor determining the waste production of the country, population variables were used as the demographic factor. According to the results, long-term and statistically significant effects were found between waste production, GDP and population. Accordingly, it was concluded that a 1-unit increase in GDP will affect waste production by 3.35 units in the same direction, while the population will affect waste production by 10.9 units in the same direction. In addition, it was determined that the effect of a deviation from a short-term balance on wastes will decrease after 1.57 periods (years) and return to balance, and this is statistically significant.

Kaynakça

  • Balı, Selçuk. (2016). “Küresel Finansal/Ekonomik Krizin Sahra Altı Afrika ve Baltık Ülkeleri’nin Ekonomilerine Etkileri”, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9 (45), (Ağustos 2016), 687-697.
  • Begum, Rawshan Ara, Kazi Sohag, Sharifah Mastura Syed Abdullah ve Mokhtar Jaafar, “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic and Population Growth in Malaysia”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, V. 41, 2015, 594-601.
  • Berrens R, Bohara A, Gawande K, Wang P. (1998) “Testing the Inverted U Hypotehsis for US Hazardous Waste: An Application of the Generalized Gamma Model”. Econ Lett, 1998;55(3):435–440.
  • Cole, M, Rayner A and Bates J. (1997) “The EKC: An Empirical Analysis”. Environ Dev Econ, 2:401–416.
  • Couth, R. and C. Trois. (2011). “Waste Management Activities and Carbon Emissions in Africa”, Waste Management, V. 31, pp.131–137.
  • DEFRA (2003) Sustainable consumption and production indicators. London: DEFRA, 2003.
  • Departmant of Environmental Affairs Republic of South Africa (DEA), (2018) South Africa State of Wast Report: Second Draft Report, Pretoria, Departmant of Environmental Affairs,.
  • Desmond, Peter & Milcah Asamba, (2019). “Accelerating the Transition to a Circular Economy in Africa - Case Studies from Kenya and South Africa” ed. Patrick Schröder, Manisha Anantharaman, Kartika Anggraeni, Timothy J. Foxon, The Circular Economy and the Global South, London, Routledge, 2019, pp. 152-173. (https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429434006)
  • Dlamini, S. Simatele, M.D and Kubanza, N.S (2018) “Municipal solid waste management in South Africa: from waste to energy recovery through waste-to-energy technologies in Johannesburg”, Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability 24(3), 249-257.
  • El-Haggar, Salah M. (2007). Sustainable Industrial Design and Waste Management Cradle-to-cradle for Sustainable Development, London: Elsevier.
  • European Environmental Agency (EEA) (1999), Environmental Indicators: Typology and Overview, European Environmental Agency, Chopenhagen.
  • European Council, (2008) Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on Waste and Repealing Certain Directives.
  • European Commission, (2012) How Ecodesign Can Help the Environment by Making Products Smarter,. (https://www.buildup.eu/en/practices/publications/ecodesign-your-future-how-ecodesign-can-help-environment-making-products, 29.02.2020)
  • Godfrey, Linda, Mohamed Tawfic Ahmed, Kidane Giday Gebremedhin, Jamidu H.Y. Katima, Suzan Oelofse, Oladele Osibanjo, Ulf Henning Richter and Arsène H. Yonli (2020) “Solid Waste Management in Africa: Governance Failure or Development Opportunity?” in Regional Development in Africa, ed. Norbert Edomah, Intechopen, 1411-1425. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86974)
  • GreenCape, Waste: Market Intelligence Report 2020, Cape Town, 2020.
  • Hoornweg, Daniel, Perinaz Bhada-Tata and Chris Kennedy, (2013). “Waste Production Must Peak This Century”, Nature, V. 502, (October 2013), pp.615-617. IMF, (2015) Regional Economic Outlook: Sub-Saharan Africa: Dealing with the Gathering Clouds, Washington.
  • Jenna R. Jambeck, Roland Geyer, Chris Wilcox, Theodore R. Siegler, Miriam Perryman, Anthony Andrady, Ramani Narayan, Kara Lavender Law (2015). Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean, (https://www.iswa.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Calendar_2011_03_AMERICANA/Science-2015- Jambeck-768-71__2_.pdf (last viewed: June 8, 2019)
  • Johnstone N, Labonne J. (2004)“Generation of Household solid waste in OECD countries: An Empirical Analysis Using Macroeconomic Data”. Land Econ 2004; 80(4): 529–538.
  • Karousakis K. (2006) “MSW Generation, Disposal And Recycling: A Note On OECD İntercountry Differences, Paper Presented At Envecon 2006”. Applied Environmental Economics Conference, 24th March 2006. The Royal Society: London; 2006.
  • Kowalski M, Fischer ve Amann C. (2001) “Beyond IPAT and Kuznets Curves: globalization as a vital factor in analyzing the environmental impact of socio economic metabolism”, Popul Environ.
  • Leigh R. (2004) “Economic Growth As Environmental Policy? Reconsidering the Environmental Kuznets Curve”. J Publ Pol, 2004;24:27–48.
  • Mazzanti, Massimiliano, A. Montini, Roberto Zoboli (2008) “Municipal waste generation, socio-economic drivers and waste management instruments”. J Environ Dev, 17:51–69.
  • Mazzanti, Massimiliano, Roberto Zoboli (2008) “Waste generation, waste disposal and policy effectiveness Evidence on decoupling from the European Union”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52, 1221–1234.
  • National Treasury, Republic of South Africa, Estimates of National Expenditures 2012-2022, http://www.treasury.gov.za/search.aspx?cx=018115738860957273853%3Aj5zowsrmpli&cof=FORID%3A11&q=Estimates%20of%20National%20Expenditure%20, 16.02.2022.
  • Nkosi, L.D. (2014). An Evaluation of The Municipal Solid Waste Management System Within City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, in Mamelodi East Township, Gauteng Province, South Africa. (Master of Public Health, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria.)
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., Smith, R. J. (2001). “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Polasi, T., Matinise, S., & Oelofse, S. (2020). South African municipal waste management systems: Challenges and solutions. Johannesburg: UNEP, IETC, CSIR and Republic of South Africa. South Africa.
  • Republic of South Africa (RSA) (2012) National Environmen Management: Waste Act: National Waste Information Regulations, Government Gazette No: 35583, GNR 625, 13 August 2012, Pretoria.
  • Republic of South Africa (RSA) (2014) National Environment: waste amendment act, Government Gazette No: 37083, GNR 581, 29 November 2013, Pretoria Research and Markets, (2021) Recycling of Waste and Scrap in South Africa 2021, (https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5324605, 18.01.2022).
  • Reynolds-Clausen, Kelly and Niko Singh, (2019) “South Africa’s Power Producer’s Revised Coal Ash Strategy and Implementation Progress”, Coal Combustion and Gasification Products, 11: 10-17.
  • Rodseth C, Notten P, Von Blottnitz H. A revised approach for estimating informally disposed domestic waste in rural versus urban South Africa and implications for waste management. S Afr J Sci. 2020;116(1/2), Art. #5635, 6 pages. https://doi. org/10.17159/sajs.2020/5635
  • Seppala T, Haukioja T, Kaivo-Oja J. (2001) “The EKC hypothesis does not hold for direct material flows: EKC hypothesis tests for DMF in four industrial countries”. Popul Environ, 23(2).
  • South Africa National Development Programme, National Waste Management Strategy 2020.
  • South African Waste Information Centre (SAWIC) - Department of Environmental Affairs, http://sawic.environment.gov.za/index.php?menu=15, 14.01.2022.
  • South Africa Waste Information System (SAWIS) - Department of Environmental Affairs, http://sawic.environment.gov.za/index.php?menu=77, (10.01.2022).
  • Statistics South Africa, Financial Statistics of National Government, 2019/2020.
  • TUTWA Consulting Group (2017) The South Africa Metal Recycling Industry in Focus.
  • United Nationals Environmental Programme (UNEP), Africa Waste Management Outlook: Summary for Decision-Makers, Nairobi, UNEP Publishing, 2018.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Sustainable Materials Management: Non-Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Hierarchy. (https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-non-hazardous-materials-and-waste-management-hierarchy, 20.12.2020).
  • Wang, P, Bohara A, Berrens R, Gawande K. (1998) “A risk based environmental Kuznets curve for US hazardous waste sites”, Appl Econ Lett, 1998;5:761–763.
  • World Bank, (2018) What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050”, World Bank Urban Development Series.
  • World Bank. (2021) More Growth less Garbage, World Bank Urban Development Series.
  • World Bank, Data: South Africa, https://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa (07.01.2022).
  • World Bank and OECD, National Accounts Data: GDP (constant 2015 US$), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD?view=map (07.02.2022)
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Hakan Akar 0000-0002-2145-5894

Lütfü Sizer 0000-0002-9605-4286

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Ekim 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Ekim 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Mart 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 31

Kaynak Göster

APA Akar, H., & Sizer, L. (2022). WASTE SECTOR IN SOUTH AFRICA IN TERMS OF PUBLIC EXPENSES AND ANALYSIS ON THE FACTORS THAT DEFINE WASTE GENERATION. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(31), 162-185.

Dicle University
Journal of Social Sciences Institute (DUSBED)