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KÖLELİK KARŞITI ÇOK SESLİLİK: FRANCES E. W. HARPER'IN IOLA LEROY, OR, SHADOWS UPLIFTED ADLI ROMANINDA IRKSAL YENİDEN YAPILANMA

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 56 Sayı: 2, 26 - 51, 01.01.2016

Öz

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper'ın 1892 tarihli Iola Leroy, or, Shadows Uplifted adlı romanı daha çok metnin İç Savaş öncesi ve sonrası siyah kadın kimliğini reddeden ve değersizleştiren popüler toplumsal cinsiyet ideolojileriyle bağdaştığı yönler ile ilgili incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma ise ırksal kimliğin ve köleliğin yanısıra Iola Leroy'un savaş sonrası Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde kölelik karşıtlığı kavramının çeşitli yorumlarını irdeleyen yenilikçi bir roman olarak da değerlendirilebileceğini tartışmaktadır. Harper'ın Yeniden Yapılandırmaya Reconstruction ilişkin görüşleri köleliğin acımasız uygulamalarını destekleyen toplumsal mekanların toplumsal cinsiyet normlarına göre ayrılmasına meydan okurken, aynı zamanda kölelik karşıtı çok sesliliği oluşturan ve kamusal alanda gerçekleştirilen diyalogların önemini vurgulamaktadır. Harper, ırka dayalı önyargılar ile siyah ırkın önyargısız algılanması arasındaki uçurumu kölelik taraftarlarının savunduğu siyah ırka ve köleliğe ilişkin görüşlere karşı köle karakterlerin ortaya koyduğu çok sesli diyaloglar aracılığıyla kapatır. İç Savaş yıllarından başlayarak Yeniden Yapılanma dönemini resmeden roman, ırkçı düşüncelerin ve köleliği haklı çıkaran kirlerin terkedilmediği sürece ülkenin yeniden yapılandırılamayacağını ve halklarını birleştirici siyasal bir kimliğe kavuşamayacağını ileri sürer. Yeniden Yapılanmanın olası yöntemleri olarak ileri sürülen bu diyaloglar kölelik ve kölelik karşıtlığı hakkında sosyopolitik tartışmaların yapıldığı mekanlarda karakterleri diyalojik bir ilişkiyle birbirine bağlamaktadır. Metindeki bu diyaloglar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, bu çalışma eleştirmen Mikhail M. Bakhtin'in çok seslilik kavramından faydalanarak romanın köleliği savunan düşüncelere nüfus eden kölelik karşıtı kirleri nasıl betimlediğini ve Harper'ın ırkçılık ve kölelik hakkındaki monolojik savunmalar ile kölelik karşıtı tartışmalar arasında diyaloglar oluşturarak romanını hangi yönlerden otoriter görüşlerden arındırdığını incelemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Andrews, William L. “Introduction.” The African-American Novel in the Age of Reaction: Three Classics. New York: Mentor Book, 1992. vii-xx.
  • Bakhtin, Mikhail M. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981.
  • Borgstrom, Michael. “Face Value: Ambivalent Citizenship in Iola Leroy.” African American Review 40.4 (2006): 779-793. JSTOR. Web. 10 March 2013.
  • Christmann, James. “Raising Voices, Lifting Shadows: Competing Voice-Paradigms in Frances E. W. Harper’s Iola Leroy.” African American Review 34.1 (2000): 5- 18. JSTOR. Web. 8 April 2013.
  • Derrida, Jacques. “Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression.” Eds. Jacques Derrida and Eric Prenowitz. Diacritics 25. 2. (1995). 9-63. JSTOR. Web. 10 Feb. 2013.
  • Edwards, Justin D. Gothic Passages: Racial Ambiguity and the American Gothic. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 2003.
  • Foreman, P. Gabrielle. Activist Sentiments: Reading Black Women in the Nineteenth Century. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2009.
  • Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins. Iola Leroy, or, Shadows Uplifted. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1988.
  • ---.“Enlightened Motherhood: An Address.” American Memory from the Library of Congress. Lib. Of Cong. Web. 27 Nov. 2014.
  • Holquist, Michael. Dialogism: Bakhtin and His World. London and New York: Routledge, 2002.
  • Kaiser, Laurie. “The Black Madonna: Notions of True Womanhood from Jacobs to Hurston.” South Atlantic Review 60.1 (1995): 97-109. JSTOR. Web. 16 March 2014.
  • Lachmann, Renate. “Rhetoric, the Dialogical Principle and the Fantastic in Bakhtin’s Thought.” Bakhtinian Perspectives on Language and Culture Meaning in Language, Art and New Media. Eds. Finn Bostad, Craig Brandist, Lars Evensen, and Hege Charlotte Faber. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. 46- 61.
  • Lincoln, Abraham. “The Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863.” National Archives. 6 October 2015. Web. 15 June 2014.
  • Nerad, Julie C. “Slippery Language and False Dilemmas: The Passing Novels of Child, Howells, and Harper.” American Literature 75.4 (2003): 813-841. Project Muse. Web. 15 June 2014.
  • Norris, Christopher. “Heteroglossia.” A Dictionary of Cultural and Critical Theory. Eds. Michael Payne and Jessica Rae Barbera. United Kingdom: WileyBlackwell, 2010. 331-332.
  • Peterson, Carla L. African-American Women Speakers and Writers of the North (1830- 1880). New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
  • Washington, Mary Helen. Invented Lives: Narratives of Black Women: 1860-1960. New York: Anchor Books, 1987.
  • Westwood, Howard C. Black Troops, White Commanders and Freedmen During the Civil War. Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992.

AN ABOLITIONIST HETEROGLOSSIA: RACIAL RECONSTRUCTION IN FRANCES E. W. HARPER'S IOLA LEROY, OR, SHADOWS UPLIFTED

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 56 Sayı: 2, 26 - 51, 01.01.2016

Öz

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper's 1892 novel Iola Leroy, or, Shadows Uplifted has been widely discussed in relation to the ways in which the novel caters to the popular gender ideologies that deny and devalue black womanhood in both the antebellum and postbellum United States. This article, however, argues that Iola Leroy can further be considered a reformist novel that explores the questions of racial identity and slavery as well as diverse constructions of abolitionism in the postbellum United States. Harper's Reconstructionist views challenge the antebellum organization of social spheres and gender norms that support slavery's cruel practices, while engaging with the public discussions that compose an abolitionist heteroglossia. Harper bridges the divide between racial prejudices and an unbiased perception of the black race through heteroglossic dialogues that feature characters' powerful arguments against slaveholders' theories about the black race and slavery. Covering a span of time from the Civil War to the Reconstruction Era, the novel suggests that as long as racial preconceptions and proslavery opinions are not abandoned, national Reconstruction will be dysfunctional and the nation will be unable to reach a harmonious political identity. All of the abolitionist discussions in the novel serve to connect the characters in a dialogic afnity in venues for sociopolitical discussion on slavery and abolitionism as possible means of Reconstruction. Thus, this article analyzes how Iola Leroy portrays the abolitionist voices that inltrate into proslavery arguments in line with critic Mikhail M. Bakhtin's concept of heteroglossia, and hence examines how Harper emancipates her text from authoritarian views by constructing episodes of dialogic relations among the abolitionist discussions against the backdrop of the monologic arguments of racial slavery.

Kaynakça

  • Andrews, William L. “Introduction.” The African-American Novel in the Age of Reaction: Three Classics. New York: Mentor Book, 1992. vii-xx.
  • Bakhtin, Mikhail M. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981.
  • Borgstrom, Michael. “Face Value: Ambivalent Citizenship in Iola Leroy.” African American Review 40.4 (2006): 779-793. JSTOR. Web. 10 March 2013.
  • Christmann, James. “Raising Voices, Lifting Shadows: Competing Voice-Paradigms in Frances E. W. Harper’s Iola Leroy.” African American Review 34.1 (2000): 5- 18. JSTOR. Web. 8 April 2013.
  • Derrida, Jacques. “Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression.” Eds. Jacques Derrida and Eric Prenowitz. Diacritics 25. 2. (1995). 9-63. JSTOR. Web. 10 Feb. 2013.
  • Edwards, Justin D. Gothic Passages: Racial Ambiguity and the American Gothic. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 2003.
  • Foreman, P. Gabrielle. Activist Sentiments: Reading Black Women in the Nineteenth Century. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2009.
  • Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins. Iola Leroy, or, Shadows Uplifted. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1988.
  • ---.“Enlightened Motherhood: An Address.” American Memory from the Library of Congress. Lib. Of Cong. Web. 27 Nov. 2014.
  • Holquist, Michael. Dialogism: Bakhtin and His World. London and New York: Routledge, 2002.
  • Kaiser, Laurie. “The Black Madonna: Notions of True Womanhood from Jacobs to Hurston.” South Atlantic Review 60.1 (1995): 97-109. JSTOR. Web. 16 March 2014.
  • Lachmann, Renate. “Rhetoric, the Dialogical Principle and the Fantastic in Bakhtin’s Thought.” Bakhtinian Perspectives on Language and Culture Meaning in Language, Art and New Media. Eds. Finn Bostad, Craig Brandist, Lars Evensen, and Hege Charlotte Faber. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. 46- 61.
  • Lincoln, Abraham. “The Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863.” National Archives. 6 October 2015. Web. 15 June 2014.
  • Nerad, Julie C. “Slippery Language and False Dilemmas: The Passing Novels of Child, Howells, and Harper.” American Literature 75.4 (2003): 813-841. Project Muse. Web. 15 June 2014.
  • Norris, Christopher. “Heteroglossia.” A Dictionary of Cultural and Critical Theory. Eds. Michael Payne and Jessica Rae Barbera. United Kingdom: WileyBlackwell, 2010. 331-332.
  • Peterson, Carla L. African-American Women Speakers and Writers of the North (1830- 1880). New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
  • Washington, Mary Helen. Invented Lives: Narratives of Black Women: 1860-1960. New York: Anchor Books, 1987.
  • Westwood, Howard C. Black Troops, White Commanders and Freedmen During the Civil War. Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 1992.
Toplam 18 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Nisa Harika Güzel Köşker

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 56 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Güzel Köşker, N. H. (2016). AN ABOLITIONIST HETEROGLOSSIA: RACIAL RECONSTRUCTION IN FRANCES E. W. HARPER’S IOLA LEROY, OR, SHADOWS UPLIFTED. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 56(2), 26-51.

Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi

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