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The Tourism-Based Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: Evidence From the Turkish Economy

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 479 - 496, 31.12.2023

Hilal Şeker Melahat Avşar

https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1356600

Öz

This study aimed to determine the impact of tourism on environmental pollution and test the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for the Turkish economy based on data from 1975–2018 in cubic form by observing the impacts of tourism indicators on the environment. We analyzed the correlations among per-capita ecological footprint, international tourist arrivals, per capita GDP, the social globalization index, and urbanization rate using the ARDL limit test. Based on our research, we have found evidence that during the study period, there is an N-shaped correlation between tourist arrivals and ecological footprint in the Turkish economy. This contradicts the idea of an inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve for both the short- and long-term. Our findings reveal that domestic and national policies to fight against pollution need to be developed rather than wasting time by waiting for the end of the relationship between tourist arrivals and environmental pollution after a certain milestone.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Environmental Kuznet’s Curve ecological foot-print international tourist arrivals per capita real GDP Türkiye

Etik Beyan

The authors declare that this article complies with ethical standards and rules.

Destekleyen Kurum

No financial support was received from any person or institution for the study.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, M., Jiang, P., Murshed, M., Shehzad, K., Akram, R., Cui, L., & Khan, Z. (2021). Modelling the dynamic linkages between eco-innovation, urbanization, economic growth and ecological footprints for G7 countries: Does financial globalization matter? Sustainable Cities and Society, 70, 102881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102881
  • Alam, M. S., & Paramati, S. R. (2016). The impact of tourism on income inequality in developing economies: Does Kuznets curve hypothesis exist? Annals of Tourism Research, 61, 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.09.008
  • Ansari, M. A., & Villanthenkodath, M. A. (2022). Does tourism development promote ecological footprint? A nonlinear ARDL approach. Anatolia, 33(4), 614–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2021.1985542
  • Ang, J.S. (2007), CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France. Energy Policy, 35(10), 4772–4778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.03.032
  • Apaydın, Ş. (2020). Effects of globalization on ecological footprint: The case of Turkey. Journal of Research in Economics, Politics & Finance, 5(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.695836
  • Arbulú, I., Lozano, J., & Rey-Maquieira, J. (2015). Tourism and solid waste generation in Europe: A panel data assessment of the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Waste Management, 46, 628–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.04.014
  • Arı, A. (2021). The analysis of relations between renewable energy, tourism, CO2 and GDP for Turkey. Journal of Academic Approaches, 12(2), 192–205. https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.880406
  • Bandyopadhyay, A., Rej, S., Abbasi, K. R., & Awan, A. (2023). Nexus between tourism, hydropower, and CO2 emissions in India: fresh insights from ARDL and cumulative fourier frequency domain causality. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25, 10903–10927 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02511-3
  • Boluk, G., & Guven, M. (2022). The role of tourism, energy consumption, urbanization, and economic growth on ecological footprint: The Turkish case. European Journal of Science and Technology, (38), 440–449. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1030941
  • Bozkurt, C., Akan, Y., & Okumus, I. (2016, May 13-14). Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in BRICTS: The role of tourism. In Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings (pp. 59–65). 14th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development Belgrade, Serbia.
  • Canpolat Gökçe, E., & Kızılkaya, F. (2022). Testing the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis for Turkey. Journal of Social Sciences of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, 19(1), 352–362. https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.875357
  • Carson, R. T. (2010). The Environmental Kuznets Curve: Seeking empirical regularity and theoretical structure. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 4(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rep021
  • Çoban, M. N., & Özkan, O. (2022). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi: Türkiye'de küreselleşme ve ekonomik büyümenin çevre üzerindeki etkisinin yeni dinamik ARDL simülasyon modeli ile incelenmesi [Environmental Kuznets Curve: Investigation of the impact of globalization and economic growth on the environment in Turkey via novel dynamic ARDL simulations model]. The Academic Elegance, 9(19), 207–228. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/akademik-hassasiyetler/issue/72383/1135335
  • Destek, M. A. (2018). Investigation of Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Turkey: Evidence from STIRPAT Model. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 268–283. https://esjournal.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/40744/452978
  • de Vita, G., Katircioglu, S., Altinay, L., Fethi, S., & Mercan, M. (2015). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in a tourism development context. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(21), 16652–16663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4861-4
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis: A survey. Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.011
  • Fethi, S., & Senyucel, E. (2021). The role of tourism development on CO2 emission reduction in an extended version of the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from top 50 tourist destination countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 1499–1524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00633-0
  • GhulamRabbany, M., Afrin, S., Rahman, A., Islam, F., & Hoque, F. (2013). Environmental effects of tourism. American Journal of Environment, Energy and Power Research, 1(7), 117–130.
  • Godil, D. I., Sharif, A., Rafique, S., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). The asymmetric effect of tourism, financial development, and globalization on ecological footprint in Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 40109–40120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09937-0
  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement (Working Paper, No. 3914). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
  • Grossman, G. M., Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353–377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443
  • Guan, C., Rani, T., Yueqiang, Z., Ajaz, T., & Haseki, M. I. (2022). Impact of tourism industry, globalization, and technology innovation on ecological footprints in G-10 countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1), 6688–6704. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2052337
  • Gygli, S., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N., & Sturm, J. E. (2019). The KOF globalisation index–revisited. The Review of International Organizations, 14, 543–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-019-09344-2
  • Han, V., Polat, G., & Coşkun, S. (2022). Türkiye’de turizm gelişiminin çevresel bozulma üzerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of the impact of tourism development on environmental degradation in Turkey]. Fiscaoeconomia, 6(2), 345–361. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1049390
  • Hunter, C. (2002). Sustainable tourism and the touristic ecological footprint. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 4, 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016336125627
  • İlban, M. O., & Liceli, M. T. (2022). Ekolojik ayak izi ve turizm büyümesi panel nedensellik ilişkisi [Ecological footprint and tourism growth panel causality relationship]. Gastroia: Journal of Gastronomy And Travel Research, 6(2), 231–241. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2665422
  • Katircioglu, S. T. (2014a), International tourism, energy consumption, and environmental pollution: The case of Turkey, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 36, 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.058
  • Katircioglu, S. T. (2014b). Testing the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis: The case of Singapore. Economic Modelling, 41, 383–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.05.028
  • Katircioglu, S., Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Eren, B. M. (2018). Testing the role of tourism development in ecological footprint quality: Evidence from top 10 tourist destinations. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 33611–33619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3324-0
  • Kılavuz, E., Oralhan, B., Sümerli Sarıgül, S., & Uluğ, E. E. (2021). The validity of the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis: The case of Turkey. International Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 3(2), 124–138. https://doi.org/10.54821/uiecd.1033651
  • Kirikkaleli, D., Adebayo, T. S., Khan, Z., & Ali, S. (2021). Does globalization matter for ecological footprint in Turkey? Evidence from dual adjustment approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(11), 14009–14017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11654-7
  • Kongbuamai, N., Bui, Q., Yousaf, H. M. A. U., & Liu, Y. (2020). The impact of tourism and natural resources on the ecological footprint: A case study of ASEAN countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 19251–19264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08582-x
  • Kumail, T., Ali W., Sadiq F., Wu D., & Aburumman A. (2020), Dynamic linkages between tourism, technology and CO2 emissions in Pakistan. Anatolia, 31(3), 436–448 https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2020.1742169
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1–28. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1811581
  • Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı [KTB]. (2023). Turizm istatistikleri [Tourism statistics]. Yatırım ve İşletmeler Genel Müdürlüğü. Retrieved May 23, 2023, from https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-9851/turizm-istatistikleri.html
  • Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082–1089. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303772815961
  • Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2004). Minimum LM unit root test with one structural break (Working Paper, No. 0417). Appalachian State University. https://econ.appstate.edu/RePEc/pdf/wp0417.pdf
  • Liu, Y., Sadiq, F., Ali, W., & Kumail, T. (2022). Does tourism development, energy consumption, trade openness and economic growth matters for ecological footprint: Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve and pollution haven hypothesis for Pakistan. Energy, 245, 123208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123208
  • Mikayilov, J. I., Mukhtarov, S., Mammadov, J., & Azizov, M. (2019). Re-evaluating the environmental impacts of tourism: Does EKC exist? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(19), 19389–19402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05269-w
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Yıl 2023, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 479 - 496, 31.12.2023

Hilal Şeker Melahat Avşar

https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1356600

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, M., Jiang, P., Murshed, M., Shehzad, K., Akram, R., Cui, L., & Khan, Z. (2021). Modelling the dynamic linkages between eco-innovation, urbanization, economic growth and ecological footprints for G7 countries: Does financial globalization matter? Sustainable Cities and Society, 70, 102881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102881
  • Alam, M. S., & Paramati, S. R. (2016). The impact of tourism on income inequality in developing economies: Does Kuznets curve hypothesis exist? Annals of Tourism Research, 61, 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.09.008
  • Ansari, M. A., & Villanthenkodath, M. A. (2022). Does tourism development promote ecological footprint? A nonlinear ARDL approach. Anatolia, 33(4), 614–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2021.1985542
  • Ang, J.S. (2007), CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France. Energy Policy, 35(10), 4772–4778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.03.032
  • Apaydın, Ş. (2020). Effects of globalization on ecological footprint: The case of Turkey. Journal of Research in Economics, Politics & Finance, 5(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.695836
  • Arbulú, I., Lozano, J., & Rey-Maquieira, J. (2015). Tourism and solid waste generation in Europe: A panel data assessment of the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Waste Management, 46, 628–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.04.014
  • Arı, A. (2021). The analysis of relations between renewable energy, tourism, CO2 and GDP for Turkey. Journal of Academic Approaches, 12(2), 192–205. https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.880406
  • Bandyopadhyay, A., Rej, S., Abbasi, K. R., & Awan, A. (2023). Nexus between tourism, hydropower, and CO2 emissions in India: fresh insights from ARDL and cumulative fourier frequency domain causality. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25, 10903–10927 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02511-3
  • Boluk, G., & Guven, M. (2022). The role of tourism, energy consumption, urbanization, and economic growth on ecological footprint: The Turkish case. European Journal of Science and Technology, (38), 440–449. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1030941
  • Bozkurt, C., Akan, Y., & Okumus, I. (2016, May 13-14). Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in BRICTS: The role of tourism. In Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings (pp. 59–65). 14th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development Belgrade, Serbia.
  • Canpolat Gökçe, E., & Kızılkaya, F. (2022). Testing the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis for Turkey. Journal of Social Sciences of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, 19(1), 352–362. https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.875357
  • Carson, R. T. (2010). The Environmental Kuznets Curve: Seeking empirical regularity and theoretical structure. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 4(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rep021
  • Çoban, M. N., & Özkan, O. (2022). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi: Türkiye'de küreselleşme ve ekonomik büyümenin çevre üzerindeki etkisinin yeni dinamik ARDL simülasyon modeli ile incelenmesi [Environmental Kuznets Curve: Investigation of the impact of globalization and economic growth on the environment in Turkey via novel dynamic ARDL simulations model]. The Academic Elegance, 9(19), 207–228. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/akademik-hassasiyetler/issue/72383/1135335
  • Destek, M. A. (2018). Investigation of Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Turkey: Evidence from STIRPAT Model. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 268–283. https://esjournal.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/40744/452978
  • de Vita, G., Katircioglu, S., Altinay, L., Fethi, S., & Mercan, M. (2015). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in a tourism development context. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(21), 16652–16663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4861-4
  • Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  • Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis: A survey. Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.011
  • Fethi, S., & Senyucel, E. (2021). The role of tourism development on CO2 emission reduction in an extended version of the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from top 50 tourist destination countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 1499–1524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00633-0
  • GhulamRabbany, M., Afrin, S., Rahman, A., Islam, F., & Hoque, F. (2013). Environmental effects of tourism. American Journal of Environment, Energy and Power Research, 1(7), 117–130.
  • Godil, D. I., Sharif, A., Rafique, S., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). The asymmetric effect of tourism, financial development, and globalization on ecological footprint in Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 40109–40120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09937-0
  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement (Working Paper, No. 3914). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
  • Grossman, G. M., Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353–377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443
  • Guan, C., Rani, T., Yueqiang, Z., Ajaz, T., & Haseki, M. I. (2022). Impact of tourism industry, globalization, and technology innovation on ecological footprints in G-10 countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1), 6688–6704. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2052337
  • Gygli, S., Haelg, F., Potrafke, N., & Sturm, J. E. (2019). The KOF globalisation index–revisited. The Review of International Organizations, 14, 543–574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-019-09344-2
  • Han, V., Polat, G., & Coşkun, S. (2022). Türkiye’de turizm gelişiminin çevresel bozulma üzerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of the impact of tourism development on environmental degradation in Turkey]. Fiscaoeconomia, 6(2), 345–361. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1049390
  • Hunter, C. (2002). Sustainable tourism and the touristic ecological footprint. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 4, 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016336125627
  • İlban, M. O., & Liceli, M. T. (2022). Ekolojik ayak izi ve turizm büyümesi panel nedensellik ilişkisi [Ecological footprint and tourism growth panel causality relationship]. Gastroia: Journal of Gastronomy And Travel Research, 6(2), 231–241. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2665422
  • Katircioglu, S. T. (2014a), International tourism, energy consumption, and environmental pollution: The case of Turkey, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 36, 180–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.058
  • Katircioglu, S. T. (2014b). Testing the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis: The case of Singapore. Economic Modelling, 41, 383–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.05.028
  • Katircioglu, S., Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Eren, B. M. (2018). Testing the role of tourism development in ecological footprint quality: Evidence from top 10 tourist destinations. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 33611–33619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3324-0
  • Kılavuz, E., Oralhan, B., Sümerli Sarıgül, S., & Uluğ, E. E. (2021). The validity of the tourism-induced EKC hypothesis: The case of Turkey. International Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 3(2), 124–138. https://doi.org/10.54821/uiecd.1033651
  • Kirikkaleli, D., Adebayo, T. S., Khan, Z., & Ali, S. (2021). Does globalization matter for ecological footprint in Turkey? Evidence from dual adjustment approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(11), 14009–14017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11654-7
  • Kongbuamai, N., Bui, Q., Yousaf, H. M. A. U., & Liu, Y. (2020). The impact of tourism and natural resources on the ecological footprint: A case study of ASEAN countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 19251–19264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08582-x
  • Kumail, T., Ali W., Sadiq F., Wu D., & Aburumman A. (2020), Dynamic linkages between tourism, technology and CO2 emissions in Pakistan. Anatolia, 31(3), 436–448 https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2020.1742169
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1–28. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1811581
  • Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı [KTB]. (2023). Turizm istatistikleri [Tourism statistics]. Yatırım ve İşletmeler Genel Müdürlüğü. Retrieved May 23, 2023, from https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-9851/turizm-istatistikleri.html
  • Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082–1089. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303772815961
  • Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2004). Minimum LM unit root test with one structural break (Working Paper, No. 0417). Appalachian State University. https://econ.appstate.edu/RePEc/pdf/wp0417.pdf
  • Liu, Y., Sadiq, F., Ali, W., & Kumail, T. (2022). Does tourism development, energy consumption, trade openness and economic growth matters for ecological footprint: Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve and pollution haven hypothesis for Pakistan. Energy, 245, 123208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123208
  • Mikayilov, J. I., Mukhtarov, S., Mammadov, J., & Azizov, M. (2019). Re-evaluating the environmental impacts of tourism: Does EKC exist? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(19), 19389–19402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05269-w
  • Nathaniel, S. P., Barua, S., & Ahmed, Z. (2021). What drives ecological footprint in top ten tourist destinations? Evidence from advanced panel techniques. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 38322–38331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13389-5
  • Ozturk, I., Al-Mulali, U., & Saboori, B. (2016). Investigating the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis: The role of tourism and ecological footprint. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 1916–1928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5447-x
  • Panayotou, T. (2003). Economic growth and the environment [Paper prepared for and presented at the Spring Seminar of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]. https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/ead/sem/sem2003/papers/panayotou.pdf
  • Pata, U. K., & Yurtkuran, S. (2022). Is the EKC hypothesis valid in the five highly globalized countries of the European Union? An empirical investigation with smooth structural shifts. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10660-1
  • Patterson, T. M., Niccolucci, V., & Bastianoni, S. (2007). Beyond “more is better”: Ecological footprint accounting for tourism and consumption in Val di Merse, Italy. Ecological Economics, 62(3–4), 747–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.09.016
  • Paudel, R. C., & Jayanthakumaran, K. (2009). Financial liberalization and performance in Sri Lanka: The ARDL approach. South Asia Economic Journal, 10(1), 127-156. https://doi.org/10.1177/139156140901000106
  • Peeters, P., & Schouten, F. (2006). Reducing the ecological footprint of inbound tourism and transport to Amsterdam. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(2), 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580508669050
  • Peng, L., & Guihua, Y. (2007). Ecological footprint study on tourism itinerary products in Shangri-La, Yunnan Province, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 27(7), 2954–2963. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2032(07)60062-6
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335
  • Sevüktekin, M., & Çınar, M. (2014). Ekonometrik zaman serileri analizi: Eviews uygulamalı. Dora Basım-Yayın LTD.ŞTİ.
  • Shafik, N., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992, June). Economic growth and environmental quality: Time-series and cross-country evidence. (Working Paper, No. 904). World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/833431468739515725/pdf/multi-page.pdf
  • Shakouri, B., Yazdi S. K., Ghorchebigi, E. (2017). Does tourism development promote CO2 emissions? Anatolia, 28(3), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2017.1335648
  • Şahin Kutlu, Ş., & Kutlu, M. (2022). Turizm faaliyetlerinin ekolojik ayak izi üzerine etkisi: Türkiye örneği [The effect of tourism activities on the ecological footprint: The case of Turkey]. Maliye Dergisi, 182, 233–249. https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2022/07/11-182-60-Turizm-Faaliyetlerinin-Ekolojik-Ayak-Izi.pdf
  • Tsurumi, T., & Managi, S. (2010). Decomposition of the environmental Kuznets curve: Scale, technique and composition effects. Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, 11(1–4), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10018-009-0159-4
  • Ulucak, R., & Erdem, E. (2017). Ekonomik büyüme modellerinde çevre: Ekolojik ayak izini esas alan bir uygulama [The environment in economic growth models: An application based on ecological footprint]. Hacettepe University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 35(4), 115–147. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.372407
  • UNWTO. (2023). Global and regional tourism performance [Tourism data dashboard]. World Tourism Organization. Retrieved May 23, 2023, from https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/global-and-regional-tourism-performance
  • Wang, Q., Zhang, F., Li, R., & Li, L. (2022). The impact of renewable energy on decoupling economic growth from ecological footprint–An empirical analysis of 166 countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 354, 131706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131706
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomik Kalkınma Politikası
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hilal Şeker 0000-0001-6188-1006

Melahat Avşar 0000-0002-5700-2061

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şeker, H., & Avşar, M. (2023). The Tourism-Based Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: Evidence From the Turkish Economy. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 16(2), 479-496. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1356600
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