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Jestlerin Çocukların Dil-İletişim ve Bilişsel Becerilerinin Gelişimindeki Destekleyici Rolü

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 3, 789 - 816, 31.12.2021

Gökçen Avcılar Bilge Bilir Şevval Cihankaya Zeynep Coşkun İlayda Piri Ercenur Ünal

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2021-879599

Öz

İnsanlar iletişim kurarken konuşma gibi sözel iletişim kanallarının yanı sıra el jestleri gibi görsel iletişim kanallarını kullanırlar. Konuşma ve jestler hem dil üretimi hem de dil anlama süreçleri sırasında birbirini tamamlayan bir iletişim sistemi oluştururlar. Bu derleme makalede jestlerin iki işlevi üzerinde durulmuştur: (1) konuşma ile birlikte kullanılan jestlerin iletişim için faydaları, (2) jest kullanmanın veya başkalarının kullandıkları jestleri gözlemlemenin öğrenme ve bilişsel beceriler için faydaları. Bu bağlamda, iletişim becerileri ve bilişsel becerilerin henüz yetişkin seviyelerine erişmediği, gelişime ve kolaylaştırıcı faktörlerin etkilerine daha açık olan çocukluk döneminde çeşitli yaş gruplarıyla yürütülen gelişimsel görgül araştırmaların bulguları ele alınmıştır. Makalenin ilk amacı jestlerin iletişim becerilerini ne ölçüde ve hangi açılardan desteklediğini incelemektir. Kelime dağarcığı ve cümle oluşturma gelişimi, ilişkisel dil kullanımı, problem çözme gibi alanlarda yürütülen görgül araştırmaların bulguları jestlerin çocukların henüz sözel olarak ifade edemedikleri kavramları ifade edebilmelerine olanak sağlayarak iletişimi kolaylaştırdığına işaret etmektedir. Makalenin ikinci amacı jestlerin öğrenme ve bilişsel süreçleri nasıl ve hangi ölçüde desteklediğini incelemektir. Çocukların ilişkisel kavramları (örn., uzamsal ilişkiler, olaylar) öğrenmesi ve matematik becerilerini kazanması konularında yürütülen görgül araştırmaların bulguları, jestleri kullanmanın ve başkalarının jestlerini gözlemlemenin iletişimsel becerilerin yanı sıra öğrenmeyi ve bilişsel gelişimi de destekleyebileceğini göstermektedir. Bu görüşe göre jestler, kavramları veya görsel-uzamsal bilgileri şemalaştırarak daha etkin bir şekilde ifade edebilme, bilişsel görevi tamamlamak için önemli olan sözel veya kavramsal bilgilere dikkat çekebilme veya soyut bilgileri somutlaştırabilme kapasitesi sayesinde öğrenme ve bilişsel becerilerin gelişmesini destekleyebilir. Son olarak, gelişimsel alan yazında jestlerin dil-iletişim ve bilişsel beceriler üzerindeki kolaylaştırıcı rolüne dair cevabı bilinmeyen sorular ve ileride yürütülecek araştırmarlar için öneriler tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Jestler iletişim öğrenme bilişsel gelişim

Kaynakça

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How Gestures Support Children’s Linguistic–Communicative and Cognitive Development

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 3, 789 - 816, 31.12.2021

Gökçen Avcılar Bilge Bilir Şevval Cihankaya Zeynep Coşkun İlayda Piri Ercenur Ünal

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2021-879599

Öz

While communicating, people frequently use visual articulators, such as hand gestures, together with speech. Speech and gestures form a tightly integrated communicative system during language production and comprehension. This article focuses on two functions of gestures: (1) how gestures produced with speech facilitate communication, (2) how producing gestures or observing others’ gestures facilitates learning and cognitive development. To do so, this article reviews and discusses the findings of empirical studies conducted with children of various ages who do not yet have adult-like communicative and cognitive skills and hence, are more susceptible to the facilitative role of gestures. The first goal of this article was to examine to what extent and how gestures support communication skills. Prior work on vocabulary development, learning to combine words into sentences, relational language use, and problem-solving support the idea that gestures facilitate communication by allowing children to express concepts that they have developed but cannot yet express in speech. The second goal of this article was to examine to what extent and how gestures support learning and cognitive development. Studies on children’s learning of relational concepts (e.g., space, events) and the development of math abilities show that using gestures and observing others’ gestures not only have communicative functions but can also support learning and cognitive development. This line of work suggests that gestures facilitate learning and cognitive development by providing a tool for efficiently encoding, storing and manipulating information, guiding attention to the linguistic or conceptual information that is critical for completing a cognitive task, and encoding abstract concepts concretely. Finally, the questions that remain open in the developmental literature with regard to the facilitative role of gestures on communicative and cognitive development and suggestions for further research are discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gesture communication learning cognitive development

Kaynakça

  • Alibali, M. W. ve Goldin-Meadow, S. (1993). Gesture-speech mismatch and mechanisms of learning: What the hands reveal about a child' s state of mind. Cognitive Psychology, 25(4), 468-523. doi:10.1006/cogp.1993.1012 google scholar
  • Alibali, M. W. ve Kita, S. (2010). Gesture highlights perceptually present information for speakers. Gesture, 10(1), 3-28. doi:10.1075/gest.10.1.02ali google scholar
  • Alibali, M. W., Kita, S. ve Young, A. J. (2000). Gesture and the process of speech production: We think, therefore we gesture. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(6), 593-613. doi:10.1080/016909600750040571 google scholar
  • Alibali, M. W., Yeo, A., Hostetter, A. B. ve Kita, S. (2017). Representational gestures help speakers package information for speaking. R. B. Church, M. W. Alibali ve S. D. Kelly (Ed.), Gesture studies: Vol. 7. Why gesture?: How the hands function in speaking, thinking and communicating içinde (s. 15-37). John Benjamins Publishing Company. doi:10.1075/gs.7.02ali google scholar
  • Aussems, S. ve Kita, S. (2019). Seeing iconic gestures while encoding events facilitates children’s memory of these events. Child Development, 90(4), 1123-1137. doi:10.1111/cdev.12988 google scholar
  • Broaders, S. C., Cook, S. W., Mitchell, Z. ve Goldin-Meadow, S. (2007). Making children gesture brings out implicit knowledge and leads to learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(4), 539-550. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.4.539 google scholar
  • Butterworth, B . ve Hadar, U. (1989). Gesture, speech, and computational stages: A reply to McNeill. Psychological Review, 96, 168-174. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.96.1.168 google scholar
  • Church, R. B. ve Goldin-Meadow, S. (1986). The mismatch between gesture and speech as an index of transitional knowledge. Cognition, 23(1), 43-71. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(86)90053-3 google scholar
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Toplam 80 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Gökçen Avcılar Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-8758-9019

Bilge Bilir Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-0684-6563

Şevval Cihankaya Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-6661-3203

Zeynep Coşkun Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-3073-9327

İlayda Piri 0000-0001-6658-3219

Ercenur Ünal 0000-0002-6794-2129

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 41 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Avcılar, G., Bilir, B., Cihankaya, Ş., Coşkun, Z., vd. (2021). Jestlerin Çocukların Dil-İletişim ve Bilişsel Becerilerinin Gelişimindeki Destekleyici Rolü. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 41(3), 789-816. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2021-879599
AMA Avcılar G, Bilir B, Cihankaya Ş, Coşkun Z, Piri İ, Ünal E. Jestlerin Çocukların Dil-İletişim ve Bilişsel Becerilerinin Gelişimindeki Destekleyici Rolü. Psikoloji Çalışmaları. Aralık 2021;41(3):789-816. doi:10.26650/SP2021-879599
Chicago Avcılar, Gökçen, Bilge Bilir, Şevval Cihankaya, Zeynep Coşkun, İlayda Piri, ve Ercenur Ünal. “Jestlerin Çocukların Dil-İletişim Ve Bilişsel Becerilerinin Gelişimindeki Destekleyici Rolü”. Psikoloji Çalışmaları 41, sy. 3 (Aralık 2021): 789-816. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2021-879599.
EndNote Avcılar G, Bilir B, Cihankaya Ş, Coşkun Z, Piri İ, Ünal E (01 Aralık 2021) Jestlerin Çocukların Dil-İletişim ve Bilişsel Becerilerinin Gelişimindeki Destekleyici Rolü. Psikoloji Çalışmaları 41 3 789–816.
IEEE G. Avcılar, B. Bilir, Ş. Cihankaya, Z. Coşkun, İ. Piri, ve E. Ünal, “Jestlerin Çocukların Dil-İletişim ve Bilişsel Becerilerinin Gelişimindeki Destekleyici Rolü”, Psikoloji Çalışmaları, c. 41, sy. 3, ss. 789–816, 2021, doi: 10.26650/SP2021-879599.
ISNAD Avcılar, Gökçen vd. “Jestlerin Çocukların Dil-İletişim Ve Bilişsel Becerilerinin Gelişimindeki Destekleyici Rolü”. Psikoloji Çalışmaları 41/3 (Aralık 2021), 789-816. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2021-879599.
JAMA Avcılar G, Bilir B, Cihankaya Ş, Coşkun Z, Piri İ, Ünal E. Jestlerin Çocukların Dil-İletişim ve Bilişsel Becerilerinin Gelişimindeki Destekleyici Rolü. Psikoloji Çalışmaları. 2021;41:789–816.
MLA Avcılar, Gökçen vd. “Jestlerin Çocukların Dil-İletişim Ve Bilişsel Becerilerinin Gelişimindeki Destekleyici Rolü”. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, c. 41, sy. 3, 2021, ss. 789-16, doi:10.26650/SP2021-879599.
Vancouver Avcılar G, Bilir B, Cihankaya Ş, Coşkun Z, Piri İ, Ünal E. Jestlerin Çocukların Dil-İletişim ve Bilişsel Becerilerinin Gelişimindeki Destekleyici Rolü. Psikoloji Çalışmaları. 2021;41(3):789-816.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies In Psychology / ISSN- 1304-4680