Öz
İnsanın bilişsel
sisteminin doğal bir ürünü olduğu kabul edilen metaforların işlemlenmesine
ilişkin çalışmaların bir kısmı, metaforların süreç-dışında, bir kısmı da
süreç-içinde nasıl işlemlendiğine odaklanmaktadır. Sessiz okuma sırasında
davranışsal tepkilerin ölçüldüğü süreç-içi araştırmalar, kendi hızında okuma,
göz izleme, beyin görüntüleme gibi farklı yöntemleri temel almaktadır. Bu
araştırmada, sessiz okuma sırasında öntürsel ve öntürden uzak kavramlarla,
farklı bilinirlik düzeylerindeki metaforların işlemlenmesi ele alınacaktır.
Araştırmada, sessiz okuma sırasında öntürsel ve öntürden uzak kavramlara ve
bilinirlik düzeyi yüksek olan ve olmayan metaforlara yönelik davranışsal
tepkilerin sınanması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu çerçevede araştırmada, Türkçede sessiz
okuma sırasında (a) öntürü temsil eden kavramların işlemlenmesi, (b) öntürden
uzak kavramların işlemlenmesi, (c) bilinirlik düzeyi yüksek olan metaforların
işlemlenmesi, (d) bilinirlik düzeyi düşük olan metaforların işlemlenmesi
süreçlerinde göz izleme yöntemiyle ölçülen davranışsal tepkilerin neler olduğu
sorularına yanıt aranmıştır. Araştırmada farklı katılımcılardan oluşan toplam
üç deney gerçekleştirilmiştir. SMI RED 500 Hz göz izleme sistemiyle uygulanan
deneylere hazırlayıcı olması amacıyla uygulanan davranışsal deneylerin de
bulgularının tartışıldığı bu araştırmada, öntürden uzak kavramların öntürü
temsil eden kavramlardan, bilinirlik düzeyi düşük olan metaforların bilinirlik
düzeyi yüksek olan metaforlardan daha uzun sürede işlemlendiği sonucuna
ulaşılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Blank, G. D. (1988). Metaphors in the lexicon. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity (3), 21-36.
- Blasko, G. D. & Connie, C. (1993). Effects of familiarity and aptness on metaphor processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology (19), 295-308.
- Bohrn, C.I., Altmann, U. & Jacobs, A.M. (2012). Looking at the brains behind figurative language-A quantative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on metaphor, idiom, and irony processing. Neuropsycologica (50), 2669-2683.
- Bortfeld, H. & McGlone, M.S. (2001). The continuum of metaphor processing. Metaphor and Symbol (16)1-2, 75-86. Routledge.
- Brisard, F., Frisson, S. & Sandra, D. (2001). Processing unfamiliar metaphors in a self-paced reading task. Metaphor and Symbol (16)1-2, 87-108. Routledge.
- Colston, H.L. & Gibbs, Jr.W. (2009). Are irony and metaphor understood differently? Metaphor and Symbol (17)1, 57-80. Routledge.
- Columbus, G., Sheikh, A.N., Cote-Lecaldare, M. & Hauser, K. (2015). Individual differences in executive control relate to metaphor processing: An Eye-Movement Study of Sentence Reading. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (8), 10-57.
- Frisson, S. & Pickering, M.J. (1999). Processing ambiguous verbs: evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition (25)6, 1366-1383.
- Frisson, S., & Pickering, M. (2001). Obtaining a figurative interpretation of a word: Support for under specification. Metaphor and Symbol (16), 149-172.
- Gibbs, R. (2002). A new look at literal meaning in understanding what speakers say and implicate. Journal of Pragmatics (34), 457-486. Elsevier.
- Gibbs, R.W. & Colston, H.L. (2012). Interpreting Figurative Meaning. Cambridge University Press.
- Gibbs, R.W. (1994). The poetics of mind: Figurative, thought, language and understanding. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Gibbs, R.W., & O’Brien, J.E. (1990). Idioms and mental maintaining beliefs is de-imagery: The metaphorical motivation for idiomatic meaning. Cognition (36), 35-68.
- Giora, R. (2002). On our mind: Salience, context, and figurative language. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Glucksberg, S. & Haught, C. (2006). Can Florida become like the next florida? When metaphoric comparisons fail. Psychological Science 17(11), 935-938.
- Glucksberg, S. & Haught, C. (2006). On the relation between metaphor and simile: When comparison Fails. Mind & Language (21)3, 360-378.
- Glucksberg, S. (1991). Literal meanings: The psychology of allusion. Psychological Science (2)3, 146-152.
- Glucksberg, S. (2003). The psycholinguistics of metaphor. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7(2), 92-96.
- Gökçesu, B.S. (2009). Comparison, categorization, and metaphor comprehension. In N. Taatgen & H. van Rijn (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 567-572). Cognitive Science Society.
- Grice, P. (1989). Studies in the way of words. Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (Eds. Matthew, Y., Traxler, J. & Morton, A). 2nd Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
- Hothorn, T., Bretz, F. and Westfall, P. (2008). Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biometrical Journal 50(3), 346-363. İbe Akcan, P. & Akkök, E. (2016). Non-literal meaning comprehension: A small-scale analysis on Turkish speakers. International Journal of Language & Linguistics (3)4, 65-78.
- Iskandar, S. (2014). The metaphor interpretation test: Cognitive processes involved and age group differences in performance. PhD Thesis. University of Windsor, Canada.
- Juhasz, B.J. & Pollatsek, A. (2011). Lexical influences on eye movements during reading. (Eds. Liversedge, S.P., Gilchrist, I.D. & Everling, S.). The Oxford Handbook of Eye Movements. Oxford University Press.
- Kövecses, Z. (2002). Metaphor: A practical introduction. Oxford: OUP.
- Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Lemaire, B. & Bianco, M. (2003). Contextual effects on metaphor comprehension: Experiment and simulation. [Online] Available:http://webcom.upmf-grenoble.fr/LPNC/IMG/pdf/iccm03_lemaire.pdf (September 12, 2015).
- Lowder, M.W. & Gordon, C.P. (2013). It’s hard to offend the college: Effects of sentence structure on figurative-language processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition (39)4, 993-1011.
- Onishi, K.H. & Murphy, G.L. (1993). Metaphoric reference: When metaphors are not understood as easily as literal expressions. Memory & Cognition (21)6, 763-772. Springer.
- Schwoebel, J., Dews, S., Winner, E. & Srinivas, K. (2000). Obligatory processing of the literal meaning of ironic utterances: Further evidence. Metaphor & Symbol (15)1-2, 47-61. Routledge.
- Wilson, N.L. & Gibbs, R.W. Jr. (2007). Real and imagined body movement primes metaphor comprehension. Cognitive Science (31)4, 721-31.
Öz
Some studies about
processing metaphors, which are accepted to be a natural product of the human
cognitive system, focus on off-line processing where some focus on on-line
processing of metaphors. Online studies where behavioral reactions are measured
during silent reading are based on various methods such as self-paced reading, eye
tracking and brain imaging techniques. This research will handle processing of
prototypical and peripheral concepts and metaphors with varying degrees of
familiarity during silent reading. This research aims to test behavioral
reactions to prototypical and peripheral concepts and familiar and unfamiliar
metaphors during silent reading. In this frame, behavioral reactions during
silent reading in Turkish are measured by eye-tracking method trying to answer
how (a) prototypical concepts are processed, (b) peripheral concepts are
processed, (c) metaphors with a high degree of familiarity are processed, (d)
metaphors with a low degree of familiarity are processed. To answer these
questions two pilot experiments and one main experiment has been carried out
with separate subjects. In the research, where the findings of behavioral
experiments which are applied as preparation to the main experiment with SMI
RED 500 Hz eye-tracking device are discussed as well, it is found that
peripheral concepts are processed in a longer time compared to prototypical
concepts, and metaphors with a low level of familiarity are processed in a
longer time compared to metaphors with a high degree of familiarity.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Blank, G. D. (1988). Metaphors in the lexicon. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity (3), 21-36.
- Blasko, G. D. & Connie, C. (1993). Effects of familiarity and aptness on metaphor processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology (19), 295-308.
- Bohrn, C.I., Altmann, U. & Jacobs, A.M. (2012). Looking at the brains behind figurative language-A quantative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on metaphor, idiom, and irony processing. Neuropsycologica (50), 2669-2683.
- Bortfeld, H. & McGlone, M.S. (2001). The continuum of metaphor processing. Metaphor and Symbol (16)1-2, 75-86. Routledge.
- Brisard, F., Frisson, S. & Sandra, D. (2001). Processing unfamiliar metaphors in a self-paced reading task. Metaphor and Symbol (16)1-2, 87-108. Routledge.
- Colston, H.L. & Gibbs, Jr.W. (2009). Are irony and metaphor understood differently? Metaphor and Symbol (17)1, 57-80. Routledge.
- Columbus, G., Sheikh, A.N., Cote-Lecaldare, M. & Hauser, K. (2015). Individual differences in executive control relate to metaphor processing: An Eye-Movement Study of Sentence Reading. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (8), 10-57.
- Frisson, S. & Pickering, M.J. (1999). Processing ambiguous verbs: evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition (25)6, 1366-1383.
- Frisson, S., & Pickering, M. (2001). Obtaining a figurative interpretation of a word: Support for under specification. Metaphor and Symbol (16), 149-172.
- Gibbs, R. (2002). A new look at literal meaning in understanding what speakers say and implicate. Journal of Pragmatics (34), 457-486. Elsevier.
- Gibbs, R.W. & Colston, H.L. (2012). Interpreting Figurative Meaning. Cambridge University Press.
- Gibbs, R.W. (1994). The poetics of mind: Figurative, thought, language and understanding. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Gibbs, R.W., & O’Brien, J.E. (1990). Idioms and mental maintaining beliefs is de-imagery: The metaphorical motivation for idiomatic meaning. Cognition (36), 35-68.
- Giora, R. (2002). On our mind: Salience, context, and figurative language. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Glucksberg, S. & Haught, C. (2006). Can Florida become like the next florida? When metaphoric comparisons fail. Psychological Science 17(11), 935-938.
- Glucksberg, S. & Haught, C. (2006). On the relation between metaphor and simile: When comparison Fails. Mind & Language (21)3, 360-378.
- Glucksberg, S. (1991). Literal meanings: The psychology of allusion. Psychological Science (2)3, 146-152.
- Glucksberg, S. (2003). The psycholinguistics of metaphor. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7(2), 92-96.
- Gökçesu, B.S. (2009). Comparison, categorization, and metaphor comprehension. In N. Taatgen & H. van Rijn (Eds.), Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 567-572). Cognitive Science Society.
- Grice, P. (1989). Studies in the way of words. Handbook of Psycholinguistics. (Eds. Matthew, Y., Traxler, J. & Morton, A). 2nd Edition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
- Hothorn, T., Bretz, F. and Westfall, P. (2008). Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. Biometrical Journal 50(3), 346-363. İbe Akcan, P. & Akkök, E. (2016). Non-literal meaning comprehension: A small-scale analysis on Turkish speakers. International Journal of Language & Linguistics (3)4, 65-78.
- Iskandar, S. (2014). The metaphor interpretation test: Cognitive processes involved and age group differences in performance. PhD Thesis. University of Windsor, Canada.
- Juhasz, B.J. & Pollatsek, A. (2011). Lexical influences on eye movements during reading. (Eds. Liversedge, S.P., Gilchrist, I.D. & Everling, S.). The Oxford Handbook of Eye Movements. Oxford University Press.
- Kövecses, Z. (2002). Metaphor: A practical introduction. Oxford: OUP.
- Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Lemaire, B. & Bianco, M. (2003). Contextual effects on metaphor comprehension: Experiment and simulation. [Online] Available:http://webcom.upmf-grenoble.fr/LPNC/IMG/pdf/iccm03_lemaire.pdf (September 12, 2015).
- Lowder, M.W. & Gordon, C.P. (2013). It’s hard to offend the college: Effects of sentence structure on figurative-language processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition (39)4, 993-1011.
- Onishi, K.H. & Murphy, G.L. (1993). Metaphoric reference: When metaphors are not understood as easily as literal expressions. Memory & Cognition (21)6, 763-772. Springer.
- Schwoebel, J., Dews, S., Winner, E. & Srinivas, K. (2000). Obligatory processing of the literal meaning of ironic utterances: Further evidence. Metaphor & Symbol (15)1-2, 47-61. Routledge.
- Wilson, N.L. & Gibbs, R.W. Jr. (2007). Real and imagined body movement primes metaphor comprehension. Cognitive Science (31)4, 721-31.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Ocak 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1 |
