Öz
Laughter is one of the important
components of human interaction and usually expressed acoustically and visually
(Hempelmann, 2017; Trouvain & Truong, 2017). People laugh with various emotions, such as joy,
affection, amusement, cheerfulness, surprise, nervousness, sadness, fear,
shame, aggression, triumph, taunt, or schadenfreude (pleasure
in another’s misfortune) (Askenasy, 1987; Chapman, 1996; Mowrer, LaPointe,
& Case, 1987; Provine, 1996; Ruch & Ekman, 2001; Szameitat et al., 2009). Laughter plays an important role in the creation and
maintenance of interpersonal relationship by displaying affiliation, friendliness
and even intimacy. Besides, when it is the laughter of cruelty and triumph, it
also has functions for mocking, deriding and belittling others (Glenn, 2003). Partington
(2006) studied laughter with a corpus-based perspective. In this study,
different concordances of the word kahkaha
‘laughter’ taken from Turkish National Corpus (TNC)v2 (Aksan,
Özel, Yılmazer ve Demirhan, 2016) are analyzed
and its collocation patterns with various adjectives are determined. In the
context of these patterns, different types of laughter are defined in a
corpus-based approach based on the laughter classification by McKeown et al.
(2012) and analyzed according to adjective types determined by Dixon (2004;
2005).
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Aksan, Y., Özel, S., Yılmazer, H. ve Demirhan, U. U. (2016). The Turkish National Corpus (TNC): Comparing the architectures of v1 and v2, 32-37. TurCiLing 2016 Bildirileri.
- Apte, M. L. (1985). Humor and laughter. London: Cornell University Press.
- Askenasy, J. J. M. (1987). The functions and dysfunctions of laughter. Journal of General Psychology, 114, 317-334.
- Başaran, B. Ç. (2013). Laughter as a face management device in Turkish: Evidence from Turkish Spoken Corpus. Mersin Üniversitesi Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi, 10 (2), 75-100.
- Chapman, A. J. (1996). Social aspects of humor laughter. A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Haz.) içinde, Humor and laughter: Theory, research and applications (ss. 155-185). London: Transactions Publisher.
- Dixon, R. M. W. (2004). Adjective classes in typological perspective. R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (Haz.) içinde, Adjective classes: A cross-linguistic typology (ss. 1-49). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Dixon, R. M. W. (2005). A semantic approach to English grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Glenn, P. (2003). Laughter in interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hempelmann, C. F. (2017). Key terms in the field of humor. S. Attardo (Haz.) içinde, The Routledge handbook of language and humor (ss. 34-48). New York: Routledge.
- Janovec, L. & Wagenknecht, M. (2008). Tears (crying), laughter and smile in the Czech language. Filologija, 13, 89-102.
- McKeown, G., Cowie, R., Curran, W., Ruch, W., & Douglas-Cowie, E. (2012). ILHAIRE Laughter Database. 32-35. Paper presented at LREC (Workshop on Emotion Sentiment and Social Signals), Istanbul, Turkey.
- Mowrer, D. E., LaPointe, L. L.& Case, J. (1987). Analysis of five acoustic correlates of laughter. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 11, 191-199.
- Partington, A. (2006). The Linguistics of Laughter: A Corpus-Assisted Study of Laughter-Talk. London: Routledge.
- Partington, A. (2017). Corpus-assisted studies of humor and laughter-talk. S. Attardo (Haz.) içinde, The Routledge Handbook of Language and Humor (ss. 322–339). New York: Routledge.
- Provine, R. R. (1996). Laughter. American Scientist, 84, 38-45.
- Ruch, W.& Ekman, P. (2001). The expressive pattern of laughter. A. Kaszniak (Haz.) içinde, Emotion, qualia and consciousness (ss. 426-443). Tokyo: Word Scientific.
- Schönefeld, D. (2007). Hot, heiß, and gorjachij: A case study of collocations in English, German, and Russian. P. Skandera (Haz.) içinde, Phraseology and culture (ss. 137-177). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Shmelev, A. (2009). Smile and laughter in Russian culture and language. Chinese Semiotic Studies, 2, 107-115.
- Szameitat, D. P., Alter, K., Szameitat, A. J., Darwin, C. J., Wildgruber, D., Dietrich, S. & Sterr, A. (2009). Differentiation of emotions in laughter at the behavioral level. Emotion, 9(3), 397-405.
- Türk Dil Kurumu. (2017). Büyük Türkçe Sözlük. 12 Ekim 2017 tarihinde http://tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_bts&view=bts adresinden erişildi.
- Trouvain, J.& Truong, K. P. (2017). Laughter. S. Attardo (Haz.) içinde. The Routledge handbook of language and humor (ss. 340-355). New York: Routledge.
- Uçar, A. (2018). Gülümseme, tebessüm ve gülücük: Örüntüler ve derlem görünümleri. Y. Aksan & M. Aksan (Haz.) içinde, Türkçede yapı ve işlev: Şükriye Ruhi armağanı (ss. 31-48). Ankara: BilgeSu.
- Wierzbicka, A. (1998). Russian emotional expression. Ethos, 26(4), 456-483.
Öz
Kahkaha
insan etkileşiminin önemli bileşenlerinden biridir ve genellikle sesle ve
görsel olarak gösterilir (Hempelmann, 2017; Trouvain & Truong, 2017). İnsanlar faklı durumlarda ve sevinç, şefkat,
eğlence, neşe, şaşkınlık, sinirlilik, üzüntü, korku, utanç, saldırganlık,
zafer, alay ya da başkasının mutsuzluğundan keyif alma (schadenfreude) gibi
çeşitli duygularla kahkaha atarlar (Askenasy, 1987; Chapman, 1996; Mowrer,
LaPointe, & Case, 1987; Provine, 1996; Ruch & Ekman, 2001; Szameitat ve
diğ., 2009). Grup üyeliği, arkadaşlık hatta yakınlık göstermesi ile kahkaha
kişilerarası ilişki kurma ve sürdürmede önemli bir rol oynar. Ayrıca, zulüm ve
zafer kahkahası olduğunda, kahkahanın dalga geçme, alay etme ve başkalarını
küçümseme işlevi de vardır (Glenn, 2003). Partington (2006) kahkahayı derlem-temelli
bir bakış açısıyla çalışmıştır. Bu çalışmada, kahkaha sözcüğünün Türkçe Ulusal
Derlemi (TUD) v2 (Aksan, Özel, Yılmazer ve Demirhan, 2016) üzerinden elde
edilen farklı bağımlı dizinleri incelenmiş ve sıfatlarla oluşturduğu
eşdizimlilik örüntüleri belirlenmiştir. Bu örüntüler bağlamında farklı kahkaha
türleri McKeown ve diğ. (2012)’nin kahkaha sınıflandırması temel alınarak
derlem-temelli bir yaklaşımla tanımlanmış ve Dixon (2004; 2005)’in belirlediği
sıfat türlerine göre incelenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Aksan, Y., Özel, S., Yılmazer, H. ve Demirhan, U. U. (2016). The Turkish National Corpus (TNC): Comparing the architectures of v1 and v2, 32-37. TurCiLing 2016 Bildirileri.
- Apte, M. L. (1985). Humor and laughter. London: Cornell University Press.
- Askenasy, J. J. M. (1987). The functions and dysfunctions of laughter. Journal of General Psychology, 114, 317-334.
- Başaran, B. Ç. (2013). Laughter as a face management device in Turkish: Evidence from Turkish Spoken Corpus. Mersin Üniversitesi Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi, 10 (2), 75-100.
- Chapman, A. J. (1996). Social aspects of humor laughter. A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Haz.) içinde, Humor and laughter: Theory, research and applications (ss. 155-185). London: Transactions Publisher.
- Dixon, R. M. W. (2004). Adjective classes in typological perspective. R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (Haz.) içinde, Adjective classes: A cross-linguistic typology (ss. 1-49). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Dixon, R. M. W. (2005). A semantic approach to English grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Glenn, P. (2003). Laughter in interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hempelmann, C. F. (2017). Key terms in the field of humor. S. Attardo (Haz.) içinde, The Routledge handbook of language and humor (ss. 34-48). New York: Routledge.
- Janovec, L. & Wagenknecht, M. (2008). Tears (crying), laughter and smile in the Czech language. Filologija, 13, 89-102.
- McKeown, G., Cowie, R., Curran, W., Ruch, W., & Douglas-Cowie, E. (2012). ILHAIRE Laughter Database. 32-35. Paper presented at LREC (Workshop on Emotion Sentiment and Social Signals), Istanbul, Turkey.
- Mowrer, D. E., LaPointe, L. L.& Case, J. (1987). Analysis of five acoustic correlates of laughter. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 11, 191-199.
- Partington, A. (2006). The Linguistics of Laughter: A Corpus-Assisted Study of Laughter-Talk. London: Routledge.
- Partington, A. (2017). Corpus-assisted studies of humor and laughter-talk. S. Attardo (Haz.) içinde, The Routledge Handbook of Language and Humor (ss. 322–339). New York: Routledge.
- Provine, R. R. (1996). Laughter. American Scientist, 84, 38-45.
- Ruch, W.& Ekman, P. (2001). The expressive pattern of laughter. A. Kaszniak (Haz.) içinde, Emotion, qualia and consciousness (ss. 426-443). Tokyo: Word Scientific.
- Schönefeld, D. (2007). Hot, heiß, and gorjachij: A case study of collocations in English, German, and Russian. P. Skandera (Haz.) içinde, Phraseology and culture (ss. 137-177). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Shmelev, A. (2009). Smile and laughter in Russian culture and language. Chinese Semiotic Studies, 2, 107-115.
- Szameitat, D. P., Alter, K., Szameitat, A. J., Darwin, C. J., Wildgruber, D., Dietrich, S. & Sterr, A. (2009). Differentiation of emotions in laughter at the behavioral level. Emotion, 9(3), 397-405.
- Türk Dil Kurumu. (2017). Büyük Türkçe Sözlük. 12 Ekim 2017 tarihinde http://tdk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_bts&view=bts adresinden erişildi.
- Trouvain, J.& Truong, K. P. (2017). Laughter. S. Attardo (Haz.) içinde. The Routledge handbook of language and humor (ss. 340-355). New York: Routledge.
- Uçar, A. (2018). Gülümseme, tebessüm ve gülücük: Örüntüler ve derlem görünümleri. Y. Aksan & M. Aksan (Haz.) içinde, Türkçede yapı ve işlev: Şükriye Ruhi armağanı (ss. 31-48). Ankara: BilgeSu.
- Wierzbicka, A. (1998). Russian emotional expression. Ethos, 26(4), 456-483.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Temmuz 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2 |
