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Investigation of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Life Satisfaction Levels According to How Syrian Refugees Experience Various Traumatic Experiences

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 26, 3965 - 3987, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.658813

Öz

In this study, it was investigated whether the levels of posttraumatic stress disorder and life satisfaction differ according to how Syrian refugees experience various traumatic experiences. Also,it has been investigated whether the life satisfaction of Syrian refugees varies according to the presence of post-traumatic symptom disorder or not. The data collection form used in this study is comprised of a total of 4 chapters; namely ‘‘Socio-Demographic Form, Traumatic Events List, Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS)’’. A pilot application was carried out with a group of 32 Syrian refugees to test the measurement instruments' compliance with standard Arabic. The research participants consisted of 590 Syrian refugees over the age of 18. Of the participants, 325 are female Syrian refugees while 265 are male Syrian refugees. As a result of the research, it was found that the refugees who experienced/witnessed various traumatic events had significantly higher levels of posttraumatic stress disorder than those who were not exposed in all other situations except the bombing of the city. In addition, while a significant positive difference was observed between exposure to certain traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder level, a significant negative difference was observed between life satisfaction level. In addition, the life satisfaction levels of the refugees who showed symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder were lower than the refugees who did not show the symptoms. The findings of the study were evaluated in the discussion section within the framework of the relevant literature. It is suggested that positive psychology variables such as hope, quality of life, and psychological resilience should be addressed for future scientific studies with refugees.

Kaynakça

  • Abdallah, T. (1998). The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS): Psychometric Properties in an Arabic-speaking Sample. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 7(2), 113-119.
  • Acartürk, C. (2016). Göç ve ruh sağlığı ilişkisi. The Journal of Academic Social Science, 25, 137-150.
  • Akgün, N. (2016). Suriyeli mültecilerde ruhsal iyilik hali ve ilişkili faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya
  • Alpak, G., Ünal, A., Bülbül, F., Sağaltıcı, E., Bez, Y., Altındağ, A., . . . ,Savaş, H. A. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder among Syrian refugees in Turkey: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 19(1), 45-50. doi:10.3109/13651501.2014.961930
  • Al-Shagran, H., Khasawneh , O. M., Ahmed , A. K., ve Jarrah, A. M. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder of Syrian refugees in Jordan. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 3(3), 36- 48.
  • Annak, B. B. (2005). Sosyal destek, sosyal Ağ, yaşam kalitesi ve yaşam doyumu: Duygu Durum ve Anksiyete Bozukluğu tanısı alan kişiler ve düzenli hemodiyaliz tedavisi gören hastalar açısından bir karşılaştırma. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Mersin Üniversitesi, Mersin.
  • Aragona M, P. D., Aragona, M., Pucci , D., Mazzetti , M., ve Geraci , S. (2012). Post-migration living difficulties as a significant risk factor for PTSD in immigrants: a primary care study. Italian Journal of Public Health 9, 7525-1.
  • Arnetz, J., Rofa, Y., Arnetz, B., Ventimiglia, M., ve Jamil, H. (2013). Resilience as a Protective Factor Against the Development of PsychopathologyAmong Refugees. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(3), 167-172.
  • Belz, M., Belz, M., Özkan, İ., ve Graef-Calliess, I. T. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression among refugees: Assessment of a sample from a German refugee reception center. Transcult Psychiatry, 54(5- 6), 595- 610. doi:10.1177/1363461517745473
  • Besser, A., ve Neria, Y. (2009). PTSD symptoms, satisfaction with life, and prejudicial attitudes toward the adversary among Israeli civilians exposed to ongoing missile attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress,22(4), 268-275. doi:10.1002/jts.20420.
  • Binay, H. (2016). Suriye ve Irak' tan gelen savaş mağduru çocuk ve genç mültecilerde travma sonrası stres bozukluğu düzeyi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Gaziantep.
  • Bowen, N. A. (2002). Satisfaction with life of refugees and immigrants. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Texas, Austin. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/470 adresinden alındı
  • Cengiz, İ. (2017). Suriyeli mültecilerde psikolojik örselenme, örselenme sonrası gerginlik bozukluğu, travma sonrası büyüme ve psikolojik dayanıklık. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Üniversitesi, Lefkoşa.
  • Choi, Y., Lim, S. Y., Jun, J. Y., Lee, S. H., Yoo, S. Y., Kim, S., . . . Kim, S. J. (2017). The effect of traumatic experiences and psychiatric symptoms on the life satisfaction of North Korean refugees. Psychopathology, 50(3), 203- 210. doi:10.1159/000468544
  • Christopher, J. C. (1999). Situating psychological well-being: Exploring the cultural roots of its theory and research. Journal of Counseling & Development, 77(2), 141- 153.
  • Davis , M. R., ve Davis , H. (2006). PTSD symptom changes in refugees. Torture, 16.
  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective Well-Being. Psychological Buletin, 95(3), 542- 575.
  • Diener, E., ve Seligman, M. E. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13(1), 81-84.
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. ve Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
  • Erickson, D. J., Wolfe, J., King, D. W., King, L. A., ve Sharskansky, E. (2001). Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptomatology in a sample of Gulf War veterans: a prospective analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 41–44.
  • Goff, B. S. (2007). The impact of individual trauma symptoms of deployed soldiers on relationship satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 344-353.
  • Hassan, G., Ventevogel, P., Jefee-Bahloul, H., & Barkil-Oteo, A. (2016). Mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Syrians affected by armed conflict. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 25, 129-141.
  • Ibrahim, H., ve Hassan, C. Q. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms resulting from torture and other traumatic events among Syrian Kurdish refugees in Kurdistan region, Iraq. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(241).
  • Ilkin, J. F., Sim, M. R., Mckenzie, D. P., Horsley, K. W., Wilson, E. j., Harrex, W. K., . . . Henderson, S. (2009). Life satisfaction and quality in Korean War veterans five decades after the war. Journal Epidemiology and Community Health, 63, 359-365. doi:10.1136/jech.2007.061986
  • Johnson, H., ve Thompson, A. (2008). The development and maintenance of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in civilian adult survivors of war trauma and torture: a review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 36–47.
  • Karatzias, T., Chouliara, Z., Power, K., Brown, K., Begum, M., McGoldrick, T., ve MacLean, R. (2013). Life satisfaction in people with post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Mental Health, 22(6), 501-508.
  • Kazour, F., Zahreddine, N. R., Maragel, M. G., Almustafa, M. A., Soufia, M., Haddad, R., ve Richaa, S. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder in a sample of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41-47.
  • Koenen, K. C., Stellman, S. D., Sommer, J. F., ve Stellman, J. M. (2008). Persisting posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and their relationship to functioning in Vietnam veterans: a 14-year follow-up. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 49- 57
  • Letica- Crepulja, M., Şalcıoğlu, E., Franciskovic, T., ve Başoğlu, M. (2011). Factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in war survivors displaced in
  • Croatia. Croatian Medical Journal, 52(6), 709–717. doi:10.3325/cmj.2011.52.709 Lyubomirsky, S., King, L.,ve Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?, Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855.
  • Matanov, A., Giacco, D., Bogic, M., Ajdukovic, D., Franciskovic, T., Galeazzi, G. M., . . . Priebe, S. (2013). Subjective quality of life in war affected populations. BMC Public Health, 13(624).
  • Mollica , R. F., Caspi-Yavin , Y., Bollin, P., Truong , T., Tor , S., ve Lavelle , J. (1992). The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic Stress disorder in Indochinese refugees. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,180,111-116.
  • Mollica, R., Mcdonald, L., Massagli, M., ve Silove, D. (2004). Measuring trauma, measuring torture: Instructions and guidance on the utilization of Hopkins Symptom Checklist– 25 (HSCL–25) and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ). Cambridge, MA:Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma.
  • Özgen, F., ve Aydın, H. (1999). Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 1, 34- 41.
  • Pavot, W., ve Diener, E. (1993). Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale. Psychological Assessment, 5, 164-172.
  • Roberts , B., Ocaka , K. F., Browne, J., Oyok , T., ve Sondorp , E. (2008). Factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and depression amongst internally displaced persons in northern Uganda. BMC Psychiatry, 8(38).
  • Sağaltıcı, E. (2013). Suriyeli mültecilerde travma sonrası stres bozukluğu taraması. Yayınlanmamış Uzmanlık Tezi, Gaziantep Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Gaziantep.
  • Schnurr, P. P., Lunney, C. A., Bovin, M. J., ve Marx, B. P. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder and quality of life: Extension of findings to veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 727- 735.
  • Shoeb, M., Weinstein, H., ve Mollica, R. (2007). The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Adapting a Cross- Cultural Instrument for Measuring Torture, Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Iraqi Refugees. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 53, 447- 463.
  • Sleijpen, M., Haagen, J., Mooren, T., ve Kleber, R. J. (2016). Growing from experience: an exploratory study of posttraumatic growth in adolescent refugees. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, Article ID 28698.
  • Solomon, Z., Weisemberg, M., Schwarzwald, J., ve Milkulincer , M. (1987). Post-traumatic stress disorder among soldiers with combat-stress reaction: the 1982 Israeli experience. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 448–454.
  • Splevins, K., Cohen, K., Bowley, J., ve Joseph, S. (2010). Theories of posttraumatic growth: Cross-cultural perspectives. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 15(3),259-277.
  • Suldo, S. M., ve Huebner , E. S. (2004). Does life satisfaction moderate the effects of stressful life events on psychopathological behavior during adolescence? School Psychology Quarterly, 19(2), 93– 105.
  • UNHCR. (2018a). Suriye acil durumu. 17.06.2018 tarihinde http://www.unhcr.org/tr/suriye-acil-durumu adresinden alındı.
  • UNHCR. (2018b). Türkiye’de UNCHR. 18.06.2018 tarihinde http://www.unhcr.org/tr/turkiyede-unhcr adresinden alındı.
  • UNHCR. (2018c). Türkiye’deki mülteciler ve sığınmacılar. 17.06.2018 tarihinde http://www.unhcr.org/tr/turkiyedeki-multeciler-ve-siginmacilar adresinden alındı.
  • Veenhoven, R. (1996). Happiness and Freedom: The merits of multiple choice society. 26th International Conference of Psychology. Montreal: Canada.
  • Veronese, G., Pepe, A., Jaradah, A., Al Muranak, F., ve Hamdouna, H. (2017). Modelling life satisfaction and adjustment to trauma in children exposed to ongoing military violence: An exploratory study in Palestine. Child Abuse & Neglect , 63, 61-72.
  • Vindbjerg, E., Carlsson, J., Mortensen, E. L., Elklit, A., ve Makransky, G. (2016). The latent structure of post-traumatic stress disorder among Arabic-speaking refugees receiving psychiatric treatment in Denmark. BMC Psychiatry, 16(309). doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-0936-0.
  • Yeniçeri, A. (2017). Hatay'da yaşayan Suriyeli sığınmacılarda travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve depresyon. Yayınlanmamış uzmanlık tezi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Tayfur Ata Sökmen Tıp Fakültesi, Hatay

Suriyeli Mültecilerin Çeşitli Travmatik Yaşantıları Nasıl Deneyimlediklerine Göre Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu ve Yaşam Doyum Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 26, 3965 - 3987, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.658813

Öz

Bu araştırmada Suriyeli mültecilerin çeşitli travmatik yaşantıları nasıl deneyimlediklerine göre yaşam doyumu ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu düzeylerinin farklılık gösterip göstermediği incelenmiştir. Ayrıca Suriyeli mültecilerin yaşam doyumlarının travma sonrası semptom bozukluğu olup olmamasına göre farklılık gösterip göstermediği de incelenmiştir. Bu araştırmada kullanılan veri toplama formu; “Sosyo-Demografik Bilgi Formu, Travmatik Olaylar Listesi, Harvard Travma Ölçeği (HTÖ) ve Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği (YDÖ)” olmak üzere toplam 4 bölümden oluşmaktadır. Ölçme araçlarının Arapça dili açısndan geçerli olup olmadığını belirlemek amacıyla 32 kişilik bir Suriyeli mülteci grubuyla pilot uygulama gerçekleştirilmiştir. 18 yaş üstü 590 Suriyeli mülteciden oluşan katılımcıların 325’i kadın, 265’i ise erkektir. Araştırma sonucunda çeşitli travmatik olayları yaşayan/tanık olan mültecilerin şehrin bombalanması dışında diğer durumların hepsinde maruz kalmayanlara göre travma sonrası stres bozukluk düzeylerinin anlamlı olarak daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Belirli travmatik olaylara maruz kalma ile travma sonrası stres bozukluğu düzeyi arasında anlamlı pozitif bir farklılık gözlenirken; yaşam doyumu düzeyi arasında anlamlı negatif bir farklılık gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca travma sonrası stres bozukluğu semptomları gösteren mültecilerin yaşam doyum düzeyleri, semptomları göstermeyen mültecilere göre düşük olmuştur. Çalışmanın bulguları ilgili literatür çerçevesinde tartışma bölümünde değerlendirilmiştir. İlerde mültecilerle yapılacak bilimsel çalışmalar için umut, yaşam kalitesi, psikolojik dayanıklılık gibi pozitif psikoloji değişkenlerin ele alınması önerilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Abdallah, T. (1998). The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS): Psychometric Properties in an Arabic-speaking Sample. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 7(2), 113-119.
  • Acartürk, C. (2016). Göç ve ruh sağlığı ilişkisi. The Journal of Academic Social Science, 25, 137-150.
  • Akgün, N. (2016). Suriyeli mültecilerde ruhsal iyilik hali ve ilişkili faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya
  • Alpak, G., Ünal, A., Bülbül, F., Sağaltıcı, E., Bez, Y., Altındağ, A., . . . ,Savaş, H. A. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder among Syrian refugees in Turkey: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 19(1), 45-50. doi:10.3109/13651501.2014.961930
  • Al-Shagran, H., Khasawneh , O. M., Ahmed , A. K., ve Jarrah, A. M. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder of Syrian refugees in Jordan. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 3(3), 36- 48.
  • Annak, B. B. (2005). Sosyal destek, sosyal Ağ, yaşam kalitesi ve yaşam doyumu: Duygu Durum ve Anksiyete Bozukluğu tanısı alan kişiler ve düzenli hemodiyaliz tedavisi gören hastalar açısından bir karşılaştırma. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Mersin Üniversitesi, Mersin.
  • Aragona M, P. D., Aragona, M., Pucci , D., Mazzetti , M., ve Geraci , S. (2012). Post-migration living difficulties as a significant risk factor for PTSD in immigrants: a primary care study. Italian Journal of Public Health 9, 7525-1.
  • Arnetz, J., Rofa, Y., Arnetz, B., Ventimiglia, M., ve Jamil, H. (2013). Resilience as a Protective Factor Against the Development of PsychopathologyAmong Refugees. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(3), 167-172.
  • Belz, M., Belz, M., Özkan, İ., ve Graef-Calliess, I. T. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression among refugees: Assessment of a sample from a German refugee reception center. Transcult Psychiatry, 54(5- 6), 595- 610. doi:10.1177/1363461517745473
  • Besser, A., ve Neria, Y. (2009). PTSD symptoms, satisfaction with life, and prejudicial attitudes toward the adversary among Israeli civilians exposed to ongoing missile attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress,22(4), 268-275. doi:10.1002/jts.20420.
  • Binay, H. (2016). Suriye ve Irak' tan gelen savaş mağduru çocuk ve genç mültecilerde travma sonrası stres bozukluğu düzeyi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Gaziantep.
  • Bowen, N. A. (2002). Satisfaction with life of refugees and immigrants. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Texas, Austin. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/470 adresinden alındı
  • Cengiz, İ. (2017). Suriyeli mültecilerde psikolojik örselenme, örselenme sonrası gerginlik bozukluğu, travma sonrası büyüme ve psikolojik dayanıklık. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Üniversitesi, Lefkoşa.
  • Choi, Y., Lim, S. Y., Jun, J. Y., Lee, S. H., Yoo, S. Y., Kim, S., . . . Kim, S. J. (2017). The effect of traumatic experiences and psychiatric symptoms on the life satisfaction of North Korean refugees. Psychopathology, 50(3), 203- 210. doi:10.1159/000468544
  • Christopher, J. C. (1999). Situating psychological well-being: Exploring the cultural roots of its theory and research. Journal of Counseling & Development, 77(2), 141- 153.
  • Davis , M. R., ve Davis , H. (2006). PTSD symptom changes in refugees. Torture, 16.
  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective Well-Being. Psychological Buletin, 95(3), 542- 575.
  • Diener, E., ve Seligman, M. E. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13(1), 81-84.
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. ve Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
  • Erickson, D. J., Wolfe, J., King, D. W., King, L. A., ve Sharskansky, E. (2001). Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptomatology in a sample of Gulf War veterans: a prospective analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 41–44.
  • Goff, B. S. (2007). The impact of individual trauma symptoms of deployed soldiers on relationship satisfaction. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 344-353.
  • Hassan, G., Ventevogel, P., Jefee-Bahloul, H., & Barkil-Oteo, A. (2016). Mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of Syrians affected by armed conflict. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 25, 129-141.
  • Ibrahim, H., ve Hassan, C. Q. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms resulting from torture and other traumatic events among Syrian Kurdish refugees in Kurdistan region, Iraq. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(241).
  • Ilkin, J. F., Sim, M. R., Mckenzie, D. P., Horsley, K. W., Wilson, E. j., Harrex, W. K., . . . Henderson, S. (2009). Life satisfaction and quality in Korean War veterans five decades after the war. Journal Epidemiology and Community Health, 63, 359-365. doi:10.1136/jech.2007.061986
  • Johnson, H., ve Thompson, A. (2008). The development and maintenance of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in civilian adult survivors of war trauma and torture: a review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 36–47.
  • Karatzias, T., Chouliara, Z., Power, K., Brown, K., Begum, M., McGoldrick, T., ve MacLean, R. (2013). Life satisfaction in people with post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Mental Health, 22(6), 501-508.
  • Kazour, F., Zahreddine, N. R., Maragel, M. G., Almustafa, M. A., Soufia, M., Haddad, R., ve Richaa, S. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder in a sample of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41-47.
  • Koenen, K. C., Stellman, S. D., Sommer, J. F., ve Stellman, J. M. (2008). Persisting posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and their relationship to functioning in Vietnam veterans: a 14-year follow-up. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 49- 57
  • Letica- Crepulja, M., Şalcıoğlu, E., Franciskovic, T., ve Başoğlu, M. (2011). Factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in war survivors displaced in
  • Croatia. Croatian Medical Journal, 52(6), 709–717. doi:10.3325/cmj.2011.52.709 Lyubomirsky, S., King, L.,ve Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?, Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855.
  • Matanov, A., Giacco, D., Bogic, M., Ajdukovic, D., Franciskovic, T., Galeazzi, G. M., . . . Priebe, S. (2013). Subjective quality of life in war affected populations. BMC Public Health, 13(624).
  • Mollica , R. F., Caspi-Yavin , Y., Bollin, P., Truong , T., Tor , S., ve Lavelle , J. (1992). The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic Stress disorder in Indochinese refugees. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,180,111-116.
  • Mollica, R., Mcdonald, L., Massagli, M., ve Silove, D. (2004). Measuring trauma, measuring torture: Instructions and guidance on the utilization of Hopkins Symptom Checklist– 25 (HSCL–25) and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ). Cambridge, MA:Harvard Program in Refugee Trauma.
  • Özgen, F., ve Aydın, H. (1999). Travma sonrası stres bozukluğu. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 1, 34- 41.
  • Pavot, W., ve Diener, E. (1993). Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale. Psychological Assessment, 5, 164-172.
  • Roberts , B., Ocaka , K. F., Browne, J., Oyok , T., ve Sondorp , E. (2008). Factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and depression amongst internally displaced persons in northern Uganda. BMC Psychiatry, 8(38).
  • Sağaltıcı, E. (2013). Suriyeli mültecilerde travma sonrası stres bozukluğu taraması. Yayınlanmamış Uzmanlık Tezi, Gaziantep Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Gaziantep.
  • Schnurr, P. P., Lunney, C. A., Bovin, M. J., ve Marx, B. P. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder and quality of life: Extension of findings to veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 727- 735.
  • Shoeb, M., Weinstein, H., ve Mollica, R. (2007). The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Adapting a Cross- Cultural Instrument for Measuring Torture, Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Iraqi Refugees. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 53, 447- 463.
  • Sleijpen, M., Haagen, J., Mooren, T., ve Kleber, R. J. (2016). Growing from experience: an exploratory study of posttraumatic growth in adolescent refugees. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, Article ID 28698.
  • Solomon, Z., Weisemberg, M., Schwarzwald, J., ve Milkulincer , M. (1987). Post-traumatic stress disorder among soldiers with combat-stress reaction: the 1982 Israeli experience. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 448–454.
  • Splevins, K., Cohen, K., Bowley, J., ve Joseph, S. (2010). Theories of posttraumatic growth: Cross-cultural perspectives. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 15(3),259-277.
  • Suldo, S. M., ve Huebner , E. S. (2004). Does life satisfaction moderate the effects of stressful life events on psychopathological behavior during adolescence? School Psychology Quarterly, 19(2), 93– 105.
  • UNHCR. (2018a). Suriye acil durumu. 17.06.2018 tarihinde http://www.unhcr.org/tr/suriye-acil-durumu adresinden alındı.
  • UNHCR. (2018b). Türkiye’de UNCHR. 18.06.2018 tarihinde http://www.unhcr.org/tr/turkiyede-unhcr adresinden alındı.
  • UNHCR. (2018c). Türkiye’deki mülteciler ve sığınmacılar. 17.06.2018 tarihinde http://www.unhcr.org/tr/turkiyedeki-multeciler-ve-siginmacilar adresinden alındı.
  • Veenhoven, R. (1996). Happiness and Freedom: The merits of multiple choice society. 26th International Conference of Psychology. Montreal: Canada.
  • Veronese, G., Pepe, A., Jaradah, A., Al Muranak, F., ve Hamdouna, H. (2017). Modelling life satisfaction and adjustment to trauma in children exposed to ongoing military violence: An exploratory study in Palestine. Child Abuse & Neglect , 63, 61-72.
  • Vindbjerg, E., Carlsson, J., Mortensen, E. L., Elklit, A., ve Makransky, G. (2016). The latent structure of post-traumatic stress disorder among Arabic-speaking refugees receiving psychiatric treatment in Denmark. BMC Psychiatry, 16(309). doi: 10.1186/s12888-016-0936-0.
  • Yeniçeri, A. (2017). Hatay'da yaşayan Suriyeli sığınmacılarda travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve depresyon. Yayınlanmamış uzmanlık tezi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Tayfur Ata Sökmen Tıp Fakültesi, Hatay
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Demet Bilen 0000-0002-3688-2979

Binnaz Kıran 0000-0002-9027-2872

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2020
Kabul Tarihi 19 Nisan 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 26

Kaynak Göster

APA Bilen, D., & Kıran, B. (2020). Suriyeli Mültecilerin Çeşitli Travmatik Yaşantıları Nasıl Deneyimlediklerine Göre Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu ve Yaşam Doyum Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 15(26), 3965-3987. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.658813