Araştırma Makalesi
Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklarda Taklit Türlerinin Oyun Karmaşıklığı ve Sözcük Dağarcığı İle İlişkileri
Öz
Otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB) olan
çocuklarda taklit ve sembolik oyun becerilerinde güçlükler, sözel dil
gelişiminde ise yaşam boyu süren bozukluklar görülmektedir. Araştırmalar OSB
olan çocukların taklit, sembolik oyun ve dil alanında yaşadığı güçlüklerin
birbiri ile ilişkili olduğunu öne sürmektedir. Bu araştırmada da OSB olan
çocuklarda taklit türlerinin sözcük dağarcığı ve oyun karmaşıklığı ile
ilişkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya 3.0-8.0 yaş arasında söz
öncesi dönemde bulunan (n = 58) ve sözel dile sahip (n= 50) toplam 108 OSB olan
çocuk katılmıştır. Çocukların taklit becerileri ve sembolik oyun karmaşıklığı
alanyazında sıkça kullanılan gözleme dayalı işlemlerle değerlendirilmiştir.
Sözcük dağarcığı ise sohbet bağlamında alınan dil örneklerinden elde
edilmiştir. Sonuçta tüm taklit türlerinde söz öncesi ve sözel dil grupları
arasında anlamlı farklılıklar olduğu, söz öncesi grupta yapılandırılmış nesneli
taklitlerin oyun karmaşıklığını anlamlı yordadığı; sözel dil grubunda ise yapılandırılmış
nesneli taklitlerin ve kendiliğinden taklitlerin oyun karmaşıklığını ve sözcük
dağarcığını anlamlı yordadığı belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları, OSB olan
çocukların dil becerilerinin ve oyun karmaşıklığının gelişiminde farklı türdeki
taklit becerilerinin önemli bir rolü olabileceğini göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Otizm spektrum bozukluğu oyun karmaşıklığı motor taklit nesneli taklit kendiliğinden taklit sözcük dağarcığı
Kaynakça
- Acarlar, F. (2001). Sembolik oyunun dil gelişimi ve dil bozukluklarıyla ilişkisi [Relationships between symbolic play, language development and language disorders]. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi[Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences Journal of Special Education], 3(1), 25-33.Acarlar, F. (2005). Türkçe ediniminde gelişimsel özelliklerin dil örneği ölçümleri açısından incelenmesi [Developmental characteristics of language sample measures in the acquisition of Turkish]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi [Turkish Journal Of Psychology], 20(56), 61-74. Acarlar, F., Miller, J. F., & Johnson, J. R. (2006). Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (SALT), Turkish (Version 9) [Computer Software], Language Analysis Lab, University of Wisconsin-Madison. (Distributed by the Turkish Psychological Association).American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC.Bates, E., Benigni, L., Bretherton, L. I., Camaioni, L., & Volterra, V. (1979). Cognition and communication from 9-13 months: Correlational findings. In E. Bates (Ed.), The emergence of symbols: Cognition and communication in infancy (pp. 69-140). New York, NY: Academic Press.Brown, J., & Whiten, A. (2000). Imitation, theory of mind and related activities in autism: An observational study of spontaneous behavior in everyday contexts. Autism, 4(2), 185-204.Carpenter, M. (2006). Instrumental, social, and shared goals and intentions in imitation. In S. J. Rogers & J. H. G. Williams (Eds.), Imitation and the social mind: Autism and the typical development (pp. 48-70). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Carpenter, M., Akhtar, N., & Tomasello, M. (1998). Fourteen-through 18-month-old infants differentially imitate intentional and accidental actions. Infant behavior and development, 21(2), 315-330.Carpenter, M., Nagell, K., & Tomasello, M. (1998). Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from 9 to 15 months of age. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 63 (4, Serial No. 255).Carpenter, M., Tomasello, M., & Striano, T. (2005). Role reversal imitation and language in typically developing infants and children with autism. Infancy, 8(3), 253-278. Charman, T. (2006). Imitation and the development of language. In S. Rogers & J. Willams (Eds.), Imitation and the social mind: Autism and the typical development (pp. 96-117). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Charman, T., Baron-Cohen, S., Swettenham, J., Baird, G., Cox, A., & Drew, A. (2000). Testing joint attention, imitation, and play as infancy precursors to language and theory of mind. Cognitive Development, 15(4), 481-498.Charman, T., Baron-Cohen, S., Swettenham, J., Baird, G., Drew, A., & Cox, A. (2003). Predicting language outcome in infants with autism and pervasive developmental disorder. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 38(3), 265-285. Charman,T., Swettenham, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Cox, S., Baird, G., & Drew, A. (1997). Infants with autism: an investigation of empathy, pretend play, joint attention, and imitation. Developmental Psychology, 33(5), 781-789.Colombi, C., Liebal, K., Tomasello, M., Young, G., Warneken, F., & Rogers, S. J. (2009). Examining correlates of cooperation in autism: Imitation, joint attention, and understanding intentions. Autism, 13(2), 143-163. Dawson, G., & Adams, A. (1984). Imitation and social responsiveness in autistic children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 12(2), 209-226.Dawson, G., Meltzoff, A. N., Osterling, J., & Rinaldi, J. (1998). Neuropsychological correlates of early symptoms of autism. Child Development, 69(5), 1276-1285.Doğan, C. D. (2017). Applying Bootstrap Resampling to Compute Confidence Intervals for Various Statistics with R. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research,68, 1-17.Field, A. (2012). Discovering statistics using SPSS. (3th ed.). London: Sage Publications.Ingersoll, B. (2008). The social role if imitation in autism: Implications for the treatment of imitation deficits. Infants & Young Children, 21(2), 107-119.Ingersoll, B., & Meyer, K. (2011). Examination of correlates of different imitative functions in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(3), 1078-1085.İncekaş Gassaloğlu, S., Baykara, B., Avcil, S., & Demiral, Y. (2016). Validity and Reliability Analysis of Turkish Version of Childhood Autism Rating Scale. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 27(4), 266-274.Kırcaali-İftar, G., & Tekin, E. (1997). Tek denekli araştırma yöntemleri [Single subject reseaıch designs]. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları. Kuder, S. J. (1997). Teaching students with language and communication disabilities. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn &Bacon.Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(5), 659-685.Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., Risi, S., Gotham, K., & Bishop, S. L. (2001). Autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS): Manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.Loth, E., & Gómez, J. C. (2006). Imitation, theory of mind, and cultural knowledge. In S. Rogers & J. Willams (Eds.), Imitation and the social mind: Autism and the typical development (pp. 157-197). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Luyster, R. J., Kadlec, M. B., Carter, A., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2008). Language assessment and development in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(8), 1426-1438.Lyytinen, P., Laakso, M. L., Poikkeus, A. M., & Rita, N. (1999). The development and predictive relations of play and language across the second year. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40(3), 177-186.McCune, L. (1995). A normative study of representational play in the transition to language. Developmental Psychology, 31(2), 198-206. McDuffie, A., Yoder, P., & Stone, W. (2005). Prelinguistic predictors of vocabulary in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 48(5), 1080-1097.Meltzoff, A. N. (1988). Infant imitation after a week delay: Long term memory for novel acts and multiple stimuli. Developmental Psychology, 24(4), 470-476.Meltzoff, A. N. (2005). Imıtation other minds: The “Like me” hypothesis. In S. Hurley, & N. Chater (Eds.), Perspectives on imitation: From neuroscience to social science (pp. 57-77). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1977). Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science, 198, 75-78.Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1983). Newborn infants imitate adult facial gestures. Child Development, 54(3), 702-709.Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1994). Imitation, memory and the representation of persons. Infant Behavior and Development, 17(1), 83-99.Meltzoff, A. N., & Williamson, R. A. (2013). Imitation: Social, cognitive, and theoretical perspectives. In P. R. Zelazo (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of developmental psychology: Vol. 1. Mind and body (pp. 651-682). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Nadel, J. (2006). Does imitation matter to children with autism? In S. J. Rogers & J. H. G. Williams (Eds.), Imitation and the social mind: autism and typical development (pp. 118-137). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Nadel, J. (2014). How imitation boosts development: In infancy and autism spectrum disorder. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Nadel, J., & Aouka, N. (2006). Imitation: Some cues for intervention approaches in autism spectrum disorders. In Charman, T., & Stone W. (Eds.), Social & communication development in autism spectrum disorders (pp. 219-236). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Nadel, J., Guerini, C., Peze, A., & Rivet, C. (1999). The evolving nature of imitation as a format for communication. In J. Nadel, & G. Butterworth (Eds.), Imıtation in infancy (pp. 209-234). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Owens, R. E., Evan-Metz, D. E., & Haas, A. (2003). Introduction to communication disorders: A life span perspective (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Education Inc.Ökcün-Akçamuş, M. Ç. (2016). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocukların sosyal iletişim becerileri ve dil gelişim özellikleri [Social communication skills and language development of children with autism spectrum disorders]. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 17(2), 163-192.Özdemir, A. F., & Navruz, G. (2016). Bootstrap-t ve yüzdelik bootstrap yöntemlerinde tekrar sayısı, budama yüzdesi ve dağılımın sonuçlara etkisi [The effect of number of Bootstrap samples, trimming proportion and distribution to the results in Bootstrap-t and percentile Bootstrap methods]. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5(2), 74-85.Park, E., & Kim, J. (2016). Factor structure of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale as per DSM-5. Pediatrics International, 58(2), 139-145.Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dreams and imitation in childhood. New York, NY: Norton.Rogers, S. J., & Williams, J. H. G. (2006). Imitation in autism: Findings and contoversions. In S. Rogers & J. Willams (Eds.), Imitation and the social mind: Autism and the typical development (pp. 277-308). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Rogers, S. J., Cook, I., & Meryl, A. (2005). Imitation and play in autism. In F. Volkmar, R. Paul, A. Klin, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (3rd ed., pp. 382–405). New York, NY: John Wiley. Rogers, S. J., Hepburn, S. L., Stackhouse, T., & Wehner, E. (2003). Imitation performance in toddlers with autism and those with other developmental disorders. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(5), 763-781.Schopler, E., Reichler, R. J., & Renner, B. R. (1988). The childhood autism rating scale (CARS) manual. Los Angeles, LA: Western Psychological Services.Siller, M., & Sigman, M. (2008). Modeling longitudinal change in the language abilities of children with autism: Parent behaviors and child characteristic as predictors of change. Developmental Psychology, 44(6), 1691-1704. Stone, W. L., & Yoder, P. J. (2001). Predicting spoken language level in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 5(4), 341-361.Stone, W. L., Ousley, O. Y., & Littleford, C. D. (1997). Motor imitation in young children with autism: What’s the object? Journal of Abnormal Child and Psychology, 25(6), 475-485.Striano, T., Tomasello, M., Rochat, P. (2001). Social and object support for early symbolic play. Developmental Science, 4(4), 442-455.Tekin Iftar, E., Kurt, O., & Cetin, O. (2011). A comparison of constant time delay ınstruction with high and low treatment ıntegrity. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 11(1), 375-381.Thurm, A., Lord, C., Lee, L. C., & Newschaffer, C. (2007). Predictors of language acquisition in preschool children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(9), 1721-1734.Tomasello, M., & Farrar, M. J. (1986). Joint attention and early language. Child Development, 57(6), 1454-1463.Toth, K., Munson, J., Meltzoff, A. N., & Dawson, G. (2006). Early predictors of communication development in young children autism spectrum disorder: Joint attention, imitation and toy play. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(8), 933-1005.Töret, G. & Özmen, R. E. (2014). 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The Relationship between Imitation Types and Play Complexity and Vocabulary in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Öz
In
children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), challenges in imitation and
symbolic play skills and life-long impairments in verbal language development
are observed. Researches have shown interrelations between challenges in
imitation, symbolic play, and language. This study investigates the
relationships between imitation types and vocabulary and play complexity. A
total of 108 children with ASD at ages from 3.0 to 8.0 years, including
children in the preverbal period (n = 58) and children with verbal language
skills (n=50), participated in the study. The imitation skills and symbolic
play complexity of the children were evaluated using the observation-based
procedures prevalently encountered in the relevant literature. Vocabulary of
the children was determined by obtaining language samples during conversations.
The results showed that there were significant differences between the
preverbal and verbal language groups in all imitation types; structured
imitation with objects significantly predicted play complexity in the preverbal
group; structured imitation with objects and spontaneous imitation
significantly predicted play complexity and vocabulary in the verbal language
group. The results of the study indicated that different types of imitation
skills had an important role in the development of the language and complex
play skills of children with ASD.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Autism spectrum disorder play complexity motor imitation imitation with objects spontaneous imitation vocabulary
Kaynakça
- Acarlar, F. (2001). Sembolik oyunun dil gelişimi ve dil bozukluklarıyla ilişkisi [Relationships between symbolic play, language development and language disorders]. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi[Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences Journal of Special Education], 3(1), 25-33.Acarlar, F. (2005). Türkçe ediniminde gelişimsel özelliklerin dil örneği ölçümleri açısından incelenmesi [Developmental characteristics of language sample measures in the acquisition of Turkish]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi [Turkish Journal Of Psychology], 20(56), 61-74. Acarlar, F., Miller, J. F., & Johnson, J. R. (2006). Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (SALT), Turkish (Version 9) [Computer Software], Language Analysis Lab, University of Wisconsin-Madison. (Distributed by the Turkish Psychological Association).American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC.Bates, E., Benigni, L., Bretherton, L. I., Camaioni, L., & Volterra, V. (1979). Cognition and communication from 9-13 months: Correlational findings. In E. Bates (Ed.), The emergence of symbols: Cognition and communication in infancy (pp. 69-140). New York, NY: Academic Press.Brown, J., & Whiten, A. (2000). Imitation, theory of mind and related activities in autism: An observational study of spontaneous behavior in everyday contexts. Autism, 4(2), 185-204.Carpenter, M. (2006). Instrumental, social, and shared goals and intentions in imitation. In S. J. Rogers & J. H. G. Williams (Eds.), Imitation and the social mind: Autism and the typical development (pp. 48-70). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Carpenter, M., Akhtar, N., & Tomasello, M. (1998). Fourteen-through 18-month-old infants differentially imitate intentional and accidental actions. Infant behavior and development, 21(2), 315-330.Carpenter, M., Nagell, K., & Tomasello, M. (1998). Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from 9 to 15 months of age. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 63 (4, Serial No. 255).Carpenter, M., Tomasello, M., & Striano, T. (2005). Role reversal imitation and language in typically developing infants and children with autism. Infancy, 8(3), 253-278. Charman, T. (2006). Imitation and the development of language. In S. Rogers & J. Willams (Eds.), Imitation and the social mind: Autism and the typical development (pp. 96-117). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Charman, T., Baron-Cohen, S., Swettenham, J., Baird, G., Cox, A., & Drew, A. (2000). Testing joint attention, imitation, and play as infancy precursors to language and theory of mind. Cognitive Development, 15(4), 481-498.Charman, T., Baron-Cohen, S., Swettenham, J., Baird, G., Drew, A., & Cox, A. (2003). Predicting language outcome in infants with autism and pervasive developmental disorder. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 38(3), 265-285. Charman,T., Swettenham, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Cox, S., Baird, G., & Drew, A. (1997). Infants with autism: an investigation of empathy, pretend play, joint attention, and imitation. Developmental Psychology, 33(5), 781-789.Colombi, C., Liebal, K., Tomasello, M., Young, G., Warneken, F., & Rogers, S. J. (2009). Examining correlates of cooperation in autism: Imitation, joint attention, and understanding intentions. Autism, 13(2), 143-163. Dawson, G., & Adams, A. (1984). Imitation and social responsiveness in autistic children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 12(2), 209-226.Dawson, G., Meltzoff, A. N., Osterling, J., & Rinaldi, J. (1998). Neuropsychological correlates of early symptoms of autism. Child Development, 69(5), 1276-1285.Doğan, C. D. (2017). Applying Bootstrap Resampling to Compute Confidence Intervals for Various Statistics with R. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research,68, 1-17.Field, A. (2012). Discovering statistics using SPSS. (3th ed.). London: Sage Publications.Ingersoll, B. (2008). The social role if imitation in autism: Implications for the treatment of imitation deficits. Infants & Young Children, 21(2), 107-119.Ingersoll, B., & Meyer, K. (2011). Examination of correlates of different imitative functions in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(3), 1078-1085.İncekaş Gassaloğlu, S., Baykara, B., Avcil, S., & Demiral, Y. (2016). Validity and Reliability Analysis of Turkish Version of Childhood Autism Rating Scale. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 27(4), 266-274.Kırcaali-İftar, G., & Tekin, E. (1997). Tek denekli araştırma yöntemleri [Single subject reseaıch designs]. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları. Kuder, S. J. (1997). Teaching students with language and communication disabilities. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn &Bacon.Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(5), 659-685.Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P. C., Risi, S., Gotham, K., & Bishop, S. L. (2001). Autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS): Manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.Loth, E., & Gómez, J. C. (2006). Imitation, theory of mind, and cultural knowledge. In S. Rogers & J. Willams (Eds.), Imitation and the social mind: Autism and the typical development (pp. 157-197). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Luyster, R. J., Kadlec, M. B., Carter, A., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2008). Language assessment and development in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(8), 1426-1438.Lyytinen, P., Laakso, M. L., Poikkeus, A. M., & Rita, N. (1999). The development and predictive relations of play and language across the second year. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40(3), 177-186.McCune, L. (1995). A normative study of representational play in the transition to language. Developmental Psychology, 31(2), 198-206. McDuffie, A., Yoder, P., & Stone, W. (2005). Prelinguistic predictors of vocabulary in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 48(5), 1080-1097.Meltzoff, A. N. (1988). Infant imitation after a week delay: Long term memory for novel acts and multiple stimuli. Developmental Psychology, 24(4), 470-476.Meltzoff, A. N. (2005). Imıtation other minds: The “Like me” hypothesis. In S. Hurley, & N. Chater (Eds.), Perspectives on imitation: From neuroscience to social science (pp. 57-77). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1977). Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science, 198, 75-78.Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1983). Newborn infants imitate adult facial gestures. Child Development, 54(3), 702-709.Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1994). Imitation, memory and the representation of persons. Infant Behavior and Development, 17(1), 83-99.Meltzoff, A. N., & Williamson, R. A. (2013). Imitation: Social, cognitive, and theoretical perspectives. In P. R. Zelazo (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of developmental psychology: Vol. 1. Mind and body (pp. 651-682). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Nadel, J. (2006). Does imitation matter to children with autism? In S. J. Rogers & J. H. G. Williams (Eds.), Imitation and the social mind: autism and typical development (pp. 118-137). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Nadel, J. (2014). How imitation boosts development: In infancy and autism spectrum disorder. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Nadel, J., & Aouka, N. (2006). Imitation: Some cues for intervention approaches in autism spectrum disorders. In Charman, T., & Stone W. (Eds.), Social & communication development in autism spectrum disorders (pp. 219-236). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Nadel, J., Guerini, C., Peze, A., & Rivet, C. (1999). The evolving nature of imitation as a format for communication. In J. Nadel, & G. Butterworth (Eds.), Imıtation in infancy (pp. 209-234). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Owens, R. E., Evan-Metz, D. E., & Haas, A. (2003). Introduction to communication disorders: A life span perspective (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Education Inc.Ökcün-Akçamuş, M. Ç. (2016). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocukların sosyal iletişim becerileri ve dil gelişim özellikleri [Social communication skills and language development of children with autism spectrum disorders]. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 17(2), 163-192.Özdemir, A. F., & Navruz, G. (2016). Bootstrap-t ve yüzdelik bootstrap yöntemlerinde tekrar sayısı, budama yüzdesi ve dağılımın sonuçlara etkisi [The effect of number of Bootstrap samples, trimming proportion and distribution to the results in Bootstrap-t and percentile Bootstrap methods]. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5(2), 74-85.Park, E., & Kim, J. (2016). Factor structure of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale as per DSM-5. Pediatrics International, 58(2), 139-145.Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dreams and imitation in childhood. New York, NY: Norton.Rogers, S. J., & Williams, J. H. G. (2006). Imitation in autism: Findings and contoversions. In S. Rogers & J. Willams (Eds.), Imitation and the social mind: Autism and the typical development (pp. 277-308). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Rogers, S. J., Cook, I., & Meryl, A. (2005). Imitation and play in autism. In F. Volkmar, R. Paul, A. Klin, & D. 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Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Aralık 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 4 |
Kaynak Göster
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