Türk Savaş Çalışmaları Dergisi

Öz

The literature of Turkey's modern history has generally been influenced by the modernization paradigm, under the influence of reform-oriented historiography of the Turkish Revolution. This historiography, which prioritizes political actors and their activities, did not take into account many phenomena that can be dealt with especially within the framework of cultural history and the process in which these phenomena emerged or tried to explain the actors in the centre. Therefore, wars and their political, social and cultural consequences have been tried to be explained in relation to this centre. In fact, the period between 1860-1880, when a great change and noticeable firsts were seen in many ways, was mostly overshadowed by concepts such as Tanzimat and Islahat that evoke more political transformation. These concepts also point to the top-down implementation of reforms paving the way for institutional and social change. However, as can be seen from the examples given in this study, besides the changes that are outside the official area and arising as a need in the official areas, the effect of civilian areas that forces change from the bottom to the top is great. The fascinating process of the first war, initiated with an international alliance, was the result of the process that turned the civil press and broadcasting into a compulsory need. In addition to the destructive effects of the war, the consequences that bring political, social and cultural dynamism and force change are also visible. The period between the Crimean and the Ottoman-Russian War contains many remarkable examples in this sense. This period had been an atmosphere of firsts in many ways.