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Research Article
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Genç ve Yaşlı Yetişkinlerde Sözdizimsel Karmaşıklık ve Jest Kullanımı

Year 2023, Volume: 34 Issue: 2, 201 - 216, 29.12.2023

Burcu Arslan , Demet Özer , Tilbe Göksun

https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1336844

Abstract

Dil kullanımında yaşa bağlı etkiler hem sözlü dil hem de jest üretiminde gözlenir. Yaşlı yetişkinlerin sözdizimsel olarak karmaşık cümleleri genç yetişkinlere oranla daha az ürettikleri ve daha az ikonik (temsili) el jesti kullandığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, jest kullanımının (özellikle ikonik jest kullanımının), genç ve yaşlı yaş grupları içinde ve arasında sözdizimsel karmaşıklık ile ilişkili olup olmadığını araştırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, iki yaş grubundan katılımcılardan (N = 60) üç farklı soyut resmi anlatmaları istenmiştir. Sonuçlar, genç yetişkinlerin yaşlı yetişkinlere oranla daha fazla sözdizimsel olarak karmaşık cümle kullandığını gösterdi. Her ne kadar iki yaş grubu genel jest sıklığında benzer olsa da yaşlı yetişkinler daha az ikonik jest üretti. Ayrıca, yaş grubundan bağımsız olarak, genel jest kullanımının sözdizimsel karmaşıklığı negatif yönde yordadığı bulunmuştur. Fakat, özel olarak ikonik jest kullanımı, karmaşık sözdiziminin önemli bir belirleyicisi değildi. Bu çalışma, farklı jest türlerinin farklı yaş grupları için değişken ve çeşitli işlevler taşıyabileceğini, jest ve sözlü dil arasındaki ilişkinin ise yaşa bağlı bilişsel değişimlerden etkilenerek farklılaşabileceğine dikkat çekmektedir.

Keywords

jest sözlü dil sözdizimsel karmaşıklık yaşlanma

Supporting Institution

Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi - Üstün Başarılı Genç Bilim İnsanı Ödülleri - 2018 (Dr. Tilbe Göksun'a verilmiştir)

Thanks

Sözlü dil ve jest kodlamalarında bizlere yardımcı olan Can Avcı, Zeynep Acar, Busenur Caba'ya ve pek çok aşamada akademik tartışmalar ile bu çalışmaya katkı sağlayan tüm Koç Üniversitesi Dil ve Biliş Labı üyelerine teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Alibali, M. W., Kita, S., & Young, A. J. (2000). Gesture and the process of speech production: We think, therefore we gesture. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(6), 593-613.
  • Arbuckle, T. Y., Nohara-LeClair, M., & Pushkar, D. (2000). Effect of off-target verbosity on communication efficiency in a referential communication task. Psychology and Aging, 15(1), 65–77.
  • Arslan, B. & Göksun, T. (2021). Aging, working memory, and mental imagery: Understanding gestural communication in younger and older adults. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74(1), 29-44.
  • Arslan, B., & Göksun, T. (2022). Aging, gesture production, and disfluency in speech: A comparison of younger and older adults. Cognitive Science, 46(2), e13098.
  • Avcı, C., Arslan, B., & Göksun, T. (2022). Gesture and Speech Disfluency in Narrative Context: Disfluency Rates in Spontaneous, Restricted, and Encouraged Gesture Conditions. In J. Culbertson, A. Perfors, H. Rabagliati & V. Ramenzoni (Eds.), Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1912- 1917). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
  • Berman, R. A., & Slobin, D. I. (1994). Relating events in narrative: A cross-linguistic developmental study. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Bortfeld, H., Leon, S. D., Bloom, J. E., Schober, M. F., & Brennan, S. E. (2001). Disfluency rates in conversation: Effects of age, relationship, topic, role, and gender. Language and Speech, 44(2), 123-147.
  • Burke, D. M., MacKay, D. G., Worthley, J. S., & Wade, E. (1991). On the tip of the tongue: What causes word finding failures in young and older adults?. Journal of Memory and Language, 30(5), 542-579.
  • Burke, D. M., & Shafto, M. A. (2004). Aging and language production. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(1), 21-24.
  • Capilouto, G., Wright, H. H., & Wagovich, S. A. (2005). CIU and main event analyses of the structured discourse of older and younger adults. Journal of Communication Disorders, 38(6), 431-444.
  • Chu, M., & Kita, S. (2011). The nature of gestures' beneficial role in spatial problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140(1), 102.
  • Cohen, R. L., & Borsoi, D. (1996). The role of gestures in description-communication: A cross-sectional study of aging. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 20(1), 45-63.
  • Cooper, P. V. (1990). Discourse production and normal aging: Performance on oral picture description tasks. Journal of Gerontology, 45(5), P210-P214.
  • Feyereisen, P., & Havard, I. (1999). Mental imagery and production of hand gestures while speaking in younger and older adults. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 23(2), 153-171.
  • Glosser, G., & Deser, T. (1992). A comparison of changes in macrolinguistic and microlinguistic aspects of discourse production in normal aging. Journal of Gerontology, 47(4), P266-P272.
  • Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1983). The Boston Naming Test. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febriger.
  • Goldin-Meadow, S., Nusbaum, H., Kelly, S. D., & Wagner, S. (2001). Explaining math: Gesturing lightens the load. Psychological Science, 12(6), 516-522.
  • Göksun, T., Özer, D., & Akbıyık, S. (2022). Gesture in the aging brain. In A. Morgenstern & S. Goldin-Meadow (Eds.), Gesture in language: Development across the lifespan (pp. 269–293). De Gruyter Mouton; American Psychological Association.
  • Güngen, C., Ertan, T., Eker, E., Yaşar, R., & Engin, F. (2002). Reliability and validity of the standardized Mini Mental State Examination in the diagnosis of mild dementia in Turkish population. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi= Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 13(4), 273-281.
  • Hostetter, A. B., & Alibali, M. W. (2007). Raise your hand if you’re spatial: Relations between verbal and spatial skills and gesture production. Gesture, 7(1), 73-95.
  • Hostetter, A. B., & Alibali, M. W. (2008). Visible embodiment: Gestures as simulated action. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(3), 495-514.
  • Iverson, J. M., Capirci, O., & Caselli, M. C. (1994). From communication to language in two modalities. Cognitive Development, 9(1), 23-43.
  • Iverson, J. M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Gesture paves the way for language development. Psychological Science, 16(5), 367-371.
  • Jenkins, T., Coppola, M., & Coelho, C. (2017). Effects of gesture restriction on quality of narrative production. Gesture, 16(3), 416-431.
  • Kemper, S. (1987). Life-span changes in syntactic complexity. Journal of Gerontology, 42(3), 323-328.
  • Kemper, S, Rash, S, Kynette, D, & Norman, S. (1990). Telling stories: The structure of adults' narratives. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 2(3), 205-228.
  • Kemper, S, Schmalzried, R, Herman, R, & Mohankumar, D. (2011). The effects of varying task priorities on language production by young and older adults. Experimental Aging Research, 37(2), 198-219.
  • Kemper, S., Thompson, M., & Marquis, J. (2001). Longitudinal change in language production: effects of aging and dementia on grammatical complexity and propositional content. Psychology and Aging, 16(4), 600.
  • Kita, S. (2000). How representational gestures help speaking. In D. McNeill (Ed.), Language and gesture (pp. 162-185). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kita, S., Alibali, M. W., & Chu, M. (2017). How do gestures influence thinking and speaking? The gesture-for-conceptualization hypothesis. Psychological Review, 124(3), 245.
  • Kita, S., & Davies, T. S. (2009). Competing conceptual representations trigger co-speech representational gestures. Language and Cognitive Processes, 24(5), 761-775.
  • Kita, S., & Özyürek, A. (2003). What does cross-linguistic variation in semantic coordination of speech and gesture reveal?: Evidence for an interface representation of spatial thinking and speaking. Journal of Memory and Language, 48(1), 16-32.
  • Kızıldere, E., Aktan-Erciyes, A., Tahiroğlu, D., & Göksun, T. (2020). A multidimensional investigation of pretend play and language competence: Concurrent and longitudinal relations in preschoolers. Cognitive Development, 54, 100870.
  • Krauss, R. M., Chen, Y., & Gottesman, R. F. (2000). Lexical gestures and lexical access: A process model. In D. McNeill (Ed.), Language and gesture (pp. 261-283). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kynette, D., & Kemper, S. (1986). Aging and the loss of grammatical forms: A cross- sectional study of language performance. Language and Communication, 6(1/2), 65- 72.
  • Lausberg, H., & Sloetjes, H. (2009). Coding gestural behavior with the NEUROGES- ELAN system. Behavior Research Methods, 41(3), 841-849.
  • Marini, A, Boewe, A, Caltagirone, C, & Carlomagno, S. (2005). Age-related Differences in the Production of Textual Descriptions. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 34(5), 439-463.
  • Mather, M. (2010). Aging and cognition. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 1(3), 346-362.
  • McNeill, D. (1992). Hand and mind: What gestures reveal about thought. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Melinger, A., & Kita, S. (2007). Conceptualization load triggers gesture production. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22(4), 473-500.
  • Morsella, E., & Krauss, R. M. (2004). The role of gestures in spatial working memory and speech. The American Journal of Psychology, 117, 411-424.
  • Mortensen, L., Meyer, A. S., & Humphreys, G. W. (2006). Age-related effects on speech production: A review. Language and Cognitive Processes, 21(1-3), 238-290.
  • Nicoladis, E., Mayberry, R. I., & Genesee, F. (1999). Gesture and early bilingual development. Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 514.
  • Özçalışkan, Ş., Gentner, D., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2012). Do iconic gestures pave the way for children’s early verbs? Applied Psycholinguistics, 35(6), 1143–1162.
  • Özçalışkan, Ş., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Gesture is at the cutting edge of early language development. Cognition, 96(3), B101-B113.
  • Özer, D., Tansan, M., Özer, E. E., Malykhina, K., Chatterjee, A., & Göksun, T. (2017). The effects of gesture restriction on spatial language in young and elderly adults. In G. Gunzelmann, A. Howes, T. Tenbrink & E. Davelaar (Eds.), Proceedings of the 38th annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1471–1476). Cognitive Science Society.
  • Özer, D., & Göksun, T. (2020). Gesture use and processing: A review on individual differences in cognitive resources. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.
  • Rauscher, F. H., Krauss, R. M., & Chen, Y. (1996). Gesture, speech, and lexical access: The role of lexical movements in speech production. Psychological Science, 7(4), 226- 231.
  • Schubotz, L., Holler, J., Drijvers, L., & Özyürek, A. (2020). Aging and working memory modulate the ability to benefit from visible speech and iconic gestures during speech- in-noise comprehension. Psychological Research, 1-15.
  • Schubotz, L., Özyürek, A., & Holler, J. (2019). Age-related differences in multimodal recipient design: younger, but not older adults, adapt speech and co-speech gestures to common ground. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 34(2), 254-271.
  • Snowdon, D. A., Kemper, S. J., Mortimer, J. A., Greiner, L. H., Wekstein, D. R., & Markesbery, W. R. (1996). Linguistic ability in early life and cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life: Findings from the Nun Study. Jama, 275(7), 528-532.
  • Wesp, R., Hesse, J., Keutmann, D., & Wheaton, K. (2001). Gestures maintain spatial imagery. The American Journal of Psychology, 114(4), 591.

Grammatical Complexity and Gesture Production of Younger and Older Adults

Year 2023, Volume: 34 Issue: 2, 201 - 216, 29.12.2023

Burcu Arslan , Demet Özer , Tilbe Göksun

https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1336844

Abstract

Age-related effects are observed in both speech and gesture production. Older adults produce grammatically fewer complex sentences and use fewer iconic gestures than younger adults. This study investigated whether gesture use, especially iconic gesture production, was associated with the syntactic complexity within and across younger and older age groups. We elicited language samples from these groups, using a picture description task (N=60). Results suggested shorter and less complex speech for older than younger adults. Although the two age groups were similar in overall gesture frequency, older adults produced fewer iconic gestures. Overall gesture frequency, along with participants’ ages, negatively predicted grammatical complexity. However, iconic gesture frequency was not a significant predictor of complex syntax. We conclude that each gesture might carry a function in a coordinated multimodal system, which might, in turn, influence speech quality. Focusing on individual differences, rather than age groups, might unravel the nature of multimodal communication.

Keywords

gesture speech grammatical complexity aging

References

  • Alibali, M. W., Kita, S., & Young, A. J. (2000). Gesture and the process of speech production: We think, therefore we gesture. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(6), 593-613.
  • Arbuckle, T. Y., Nohara-LeClair, M., & Pushkar, D. (2000). Effect of off-target verbosity on communication efficiency in a referential communication task. Psychology and Aging, 15(1), 65–77.
  • Arslan, B. & Göksun, T. (2021). Aging, working memory, and mental imagery: Understanding gestural communication in younger and older adults. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 74(1), 29-44.
  • Arslan, B., & Göksun, T. (2022). Aging, gesture production, and disfluency in speech: A comparison of younger and older adults. Cognitive Science, 46(2), e13098.
  • Avcı, C., Arslan, B., & Göksun, T. (2022). Gesture and Speech Disfluency in Narrative Context: Disfluency Rates in Spontaneous, Restricted, and Encouraged Gesture Conditions. In J. Culbertson, A. Perfors, H. Rabagliati & V. Ramenzoni (Eds.), Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1912- 1917). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
  • Berman, R. A., & Slobin, D. I. (1994). Relating events in narrative: A cross-linguistic developmental study. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Bortfeld, H., Leon, S. D., Bloom, J. E., Schober, M. F., & Brennan, S. E. (2001). Disfluency rates in conversation: Effects of age, relationship, topic, role, and gender. Language and Speech, 44(2), 123-147.
  • Burke, D. M., MacKay, D. G., Worthley, J. S., & Wade, E. (1991). On the tip of the tongue: What causes word finding failures in young and older adults?. Journal of Memory and Language, 30(5), 542-579.
  • Burke, D. M., & Shafto, M. A. (2004). Aging and language production. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(1), 21-24.
  • Capilouto, G., Wright, H. H., & Wagovich, S. A. (2005). CIU and main event analyses of the structured discourse of older and younger adults. Journal of Communication Disorders, 38(6), 431-444.
  • Chu, M., & Kita, S. (2011). The nature of gestures' beneficial role in spatial problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140(1), 102.
  • Cohen, R. L., & Borsoi, D. (1996). The role of gestures in description-communication: A cross-sectional study of aging. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 20(1), 45-63.
  • Cooper, P. V. (1990). Discourse production and normal aging: Performance on oral picture description tasks. Journal of Gerontology, 45(5), P210-P214.
  • Feyereisen, P., & Havard, I. (1999). Mental imagery and production of hand gestures while speaking in younger and older adults. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 23(2), 153-171.
  • Glosser, G., & Deser, T. (1992). A comparison of changes in macrolinguistic and microlinguistic aspects of discourse production in normal aging. Journal of Gerontology, 47(4), P266-P272.
  • Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1983). The Boston Naming Test. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febriger.
  • Goldin-Meadow, S., Nusbaum, H., Kelly, S. D., & Wagner, S. (2001). Explaining math: Gesturing lightens the load. Psychological Science, 12(6), 516-522.
  • Göksun, T., Özer, D., & Akbıyık, S. (2022). Gesture in the aging brain. In A. Morgenstern & S. Goldin-Meadow (Eds.), Gesture in language: Development across the lifespan (pp. 269–293). De Gruyter Mouton; American Psychological Association.
  • Güngen, C., Ertan, T., Eker, E., Yaşar, R., & Engin, F. (2002). Reliability and validity of the standardized Mini Mental State Examination in the diagnosis of mild dementia in Turkish population. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi= Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 13(4), 273-281.
  • Hostetter, A. B., & Alibali, M. W. (2007). Raise your hand if you’re spatial: Relations between verbal and spatial skills and gesture production. Gesture, 7(1), 73-95.
  • Hostetter, A. B., & Alibali, M. W. (2008). Visible embodiment: Gestures as simulated action. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(3), 495-514.
  • Iverson, J. M., Capirci, O., & Caselli, M. C. (1994). From communication to language in two modalities. Cognitive Development, 9(1), 23-43.
  • Iverson, J. M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Gesture paves the way for language development. Psychological Science, 16(5), 367-371.
  • Jenkins, T., Coppola, M., & Coelho, C. (2017). Effects of gesture restriction on quality of narrative production. Gesture, 16(3), 416-431.
  • Kemper, S. (1987). Life-span changes in syntactic complexity. Journal of Gerontology, 42(3), 323-328.
  • Kemper, S, Rash, S, Kynette, D, & Norman, S. (1990). Telling stories: The structure of adults' narratives. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 2(3), 205-228.
  • Kemper, S, Schmalzried, R, Herman, R, & Mohankumar, D. (2011). The effects of varying task priorities on language production by young and older adults. Experimental Aging Research, 37(2), 198-219.
  • Kemper, S., Thompson, M., & Marquis, J. (2001). Longitudinal change in language production: effects of aging and dementia on grammatical complexity and propositional content. Psychology and Aging, 16(4), 600.
  • Kita, S. (2000). How representational gestures help speaking. In D. McNeill (Ed.), Language and gesture (pp. 162-185). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kita, S., Alibali, M. W., & Chu, M. (2017). How do gestures influence thinking and speaking? The gesture-for-conceptualization hypothesis. Psychological Review, 124(3), 245.
  • Kita, S., & Davies, T. S. (2009). Competing conceptual representations trigger co-speech representational gestures. Language and Cognitive Processes, 24(5), 761-775.
  • Kita, S., & Özyürek, A. (2003). What does cross-linguistic variation in semantic coordination of speech and gesture reveal?: Evidence for an interface representation of spatial thinking and speaking. Journal of Memory and Language, 48(1), 16-32.
  • Kızıldere, E., Aktan-Erciyes, A., Tahiroğlu, D., & Göksun, T. (2020). A multidimensional investigation of pretend play and language competence: Concurrent and longitudinal relations in preschoolers. Cognitive Development, 54, 100870.
  • Krauss, R. M., Chen, Y., & Gottesman, R. F. (2000). Lexical gestures and lexical access: A process model. In D. McNeill (Ed.), Language and gesture (pp. 261-283). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kynette, D., & Kemper, S. (1986). Aging and the loss of grammatical forms: A cross- sectional study of language performance. Language and Communication, 6(1/2), 65- 72.
  • Lausberg, H., & Sloetjes, H. (2009). Coding gestural behavior with the NEUROGES- ELAN system. Behavior Research Methods, 41(3), 841-849.
  • Marini, A, Boewe, A, Caltagirone, C, & Carlomagno, S. (2005). Age-related Differences in the Production of Textual Descriptions. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 34(5), 439-463.
  • Mather, M. (2010). Aging and cognition. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 1(3), 346-362.
  • McNeill, D. (1992). Hand and mind: What gestures reveal about thought. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Melinger, A., & Kita, S. (2007). Conceptualization load triggers gesture production. Language and Cognitive Processes, 22(4), 473-500.
  • Morsella, E., & Krauss, R. M. (2004). The role of gestures in spatial working memory and speech. The American Journal of Psychology, 117, 411-424.
  • Mortensen, L., Meyer, A. S., & Humphreys, G. W. (2006). Age-related effects on speech production: A review. Language and Cognitive Processes, 21(1-3), 238-290.
  • Nicoladis, E., Mayberry, R. I., & Genesee, F. (1999). Gesture and early bilingual development. Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 514.
  • Özçalışkan, Ş., Gentner, D., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2012). Do iconic gestures pave the way for children’s early verbs? Applied Psycholinguistics, 35(6), 1143–1162.
  • Özçalışkan, Ş., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Gesture is at the cutting edge of early language development. Cognition, 96(3), B101-B113.
  • Özer, D., Tansan, M., Özer, E. E., Malykhina, K., Chatterjee, A., & Göksun, T. (2017). The effects of gesture restriction on spatial language in young and elderly adults. In G. Gunzelmann, A. Howes, T. Tenbrink & E. Davelaar (Eds.), Proceedings of the 38th annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 1471–1476). Cognitive Science Society.
  • Özer, D., & Göksun, T. (2020). Gesture use and processing: A review on individual differences in cognitive resources. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.
  • Rauscher, F. H., Krauss, R. M., & Chen, Y. (1996). Gesture, speech, and lexical access: The role of lexical movements in speech production. Psychological Science, 7(4), 226- 231.
  • Schubotz, L., Holler, J., Drijvers, L., & Özyürek, A. (2020). Aging and working memory modulate the ability to benefit from visible speech and iconic gestures during speech- in-noise comprehension. Psychological Research, 1-15.
  • Schubotz, L., Özyürek, A., & Holler, J. (2019). Age-related differences in multimodal recipient design: younger, but not older adults, adapt speech and co-speech gestures to common ground. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 34(2), 254-271.
  • Snowdon, D. A., Kemper, S. J., Mortimer, J. A., Greiner, L. H., Wekstein, D. R., & Markesbery, W. R. (1996). Linguistic ability in early life and cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life: Findings from the Nun Study. Jama, 275(7), 528-532.
  • Wesp, R., Hesse, J., Keutmann, D., & Wheaton, K. (2001). Gestures maintain spatial imagery. The American Journal of Psychology, 114(4), 591.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Cognitive Linguistics, Linguistic Performance Science
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Burcu Arslan 0000-0002-2465-360X

Demet Özer 0000-0003-3230-2874

Tilbe Göksun 0000-0002-0190-7988

Publication Date December 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 34 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Arslan, B., Özer, D., & Göksun, T. (2023). Grammatical Complexity and Gesture Production of Younger and Older Adults. Dilbilim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 34(2), 201-216. https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1336844

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Journal DOI: 10.18492/dad