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The Fringes of Linguistic Variety: The Rare Features of Turkish

Year 2024, Volume: 35 Issue: 2, 167 - 196, 24.12.2024

Çağrı Akkuş , Özge Can

https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1525206

Abstract

The effort to understand the universal features of language often brings linguistic typology studies, which develop by identifying common structural features among languages, to the forefront. These studies focus on the general features of languages while features that fall outside of generalizations, in other words, those that are less frequently seen in languages, are labeled as exceptions to generalizations. However, features that are considered exceptions to the generalizations have a vital role in revealing the limits of linguistic variety. In this study, the features that are exceptions to the generalizations, categorized by the the terms rara, rarissima, infrequent and unique, are gathered under the title of ‘rare linguistic features’. World Atlas of Language Structures online database was used to determine the rare language features Turkish has compared to the world languages and to categorize the resulting features based on Cysouw’s (2011) threshold of ≤7.2%. According to the data obtained, three rare infrequent features were determined in Turkish: the simultaneous presence of high front rounded vowel /y/ and middle front rounded /ø/ phonemes in the inventory (%4), evidentiality being a part of the tense system (%5.7) and having no definite article but indefinite article.

Keywords

linguistic variety rare linguistic features linguistic universals linguistic typology

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Dilsel Çeşitliliğin Sınırları: Türkçenin Azrak Dil Özellikleri

Year 2024, Volume: 35 Issue: 2, 167 - 196, 24.12.2024

Çağrı Akkuş , Özge Can

https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1525206

Abstract

Dilin evrensel özelliklerini anlama çabası, sıklıkla diller arasında ortak yapısal özelliklerin saptanmasıyla gelişen dil tipolojisi çalışmalarını ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışmalar dillerin genel özellikleri üzerine yoğunlaşmakta, genellemelerin dışında kalan, diğer bir deyişle dillerde daha az görülen özellikler genel kurallara aykırı olarak etiketlenmektedir. Oysaki genellemelerin dışında bırakılan bu özellikler dilsel çeşitliliğin sınırlarının ortaya koyulmasında oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Ender, çok ender, seyrek ve tekçil terimleriyle ulamlandırılan genel kuralların dışında kalan özellikler bu çalışmada ‘azrak dil özellikleri’ başlığı altında toplanmış, Türkçenin dünya dillerine göre sahip olduğu azrak özelliklerini saptamak ve ortaya çıkan özellikleri Cysouw (2011)’in ≤%7.2’lik eşiği temelinde ulamlandırmak amacıyla World Atlas of Language Structures (İng. Dil Yapılarının Dünya Atlası) çevrimiçi veritabanı kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilere göre Türkçede yüksek ön yuvarlak ünlü /y/ ve orta ön yuvarlak ünlü /ø/ sesbirimlerinin aynı anda sayımcada bulunması (%4), tanıtsallığın zaman ulamının bir parçası olması (%5.7) ve belirli tanımlık bulunmaması ancak belirsiz tanımlığın bulunması (%7.2) olmak üzere üç seyrek azrak özellik saptanmıştır.

Keywords

dilsel çeşitlilik azrak dil özellikleri dil evrenselleri dil tipolojisi

References

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  • Banguoğlu, T. (1990). Türkçenin Grameri. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basım Evi.
  • Berge, A. (2010). Unexpected non-anaphoric marking in Aleut. J. Wohlgemuth ve M. Cysouw (Yay. haz.), Rara & Rarissima: Documenting the fringes of linguistic diversity içinde (s. 1-22). De Gruyter Mouton.
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  • Comrie, B. (1988). Linguistic typology. Annual Review of Anthropology, 17, 145-159.
  • Croft, W. (1990). Typology and universals. Cambridge University Press.
  • Cysouw, M. (2011). Quantitative explorations of the worldwide distribution of rare characteristics, or: The exceptionality of northwestern European languages. Expecting the Unexpected: Exceptions in Grammar, 411–432.
  • Cysouw, M. ve Wohlgemuth, J. (2010). The other end of universals: theory and typology of rara. J. Wohlgemuth ve M. Cysouw (Yay. haz.), Rethinking Universals: How Rarities Affect Linguistic Theory içinde (s. 1-10). De Gruyter Mouton.
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  • de Haan, F. (2013). Coding of Evidentiality. M.S. Dryer ve M. Haspelmath (Yay. haz.), WALS Online (v2020.3) içinde [Veri seti]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7385533 http://wals.info/chapter/78 Erişim tarihi: 15.07.2024
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  • Dryer, M, S. (2005). Definite articles. M. Haspelmath, M. S. Dryer, D. Gill ve B. Comrie (Yay. haz.), The World Atlas of Language Structures içinde (s. 154-157). Oxford University Press.
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  • Engin, M. (2009). Türk Dil Bilgisi. Bayrak Yayıncılık.
  • Evans, N. ve Wilkins, D. (2000). In the mind’s ear: The semantic extensions of perception verbs in Australian languages. Language, 76 (3) 546-592.
  • Fábregas, A. ve Scalise, S. (2012). Morphology: From data to theories. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Ferguson, C. A. (1978). Historical background of universals research. Greenberg, Ferguson, and Moravcsik (ed.), Universals of human language, 1.
  • Frerick, D. (2006). Raritäten in den Sprachen der Welt. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster.
  • Gencan, T. N. (1974). Dilbilgisi. Kanaat Yayınları.
  • Gerner, M. ve Bisang, W. (2010). Social-deixis classifiers in Weining Ahmao. J. Wohlgemuth ve M. Cysouw (Yay. haz.), Rara & Rarissima: Documenting the fringes of linguistic diversity içinde (s. 75-94). De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Göksel, A. ve Kerslake, C. (2005). Turkish: A comprehensive grammar. Routledge.
  • Greenberg, J. H. (1963). Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements. Universals of language: Report of a conference held at Dobbs Ferry, New York, April 13-15, 1961. MIT.
  • Hammarström, H. (2010). Rarities in numeral systems. J. Wohlgemuth ve M. Cysouw (Yay. haz.), Rethinking Universals: How Rarities Affect Linguistic Theory içinde (s. 11-60). De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Hammarström, H., Forkel, R., Haspelmath, M. ve Bank, S. (2024). Glottolog 5.0 [Veri seti]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10804357 Erişim tarihi: 06.10.2024
  • Hanke, T. (2010). Additional rarities in the typology of numerals. J. Wohlgemuth ve M. Cysouw (Yay. haz.), Rethinking Universals: How Rarities Affect Linguistic Theory içinde (s. 61-90). De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Harris, C. A. (2010). Explaining typologically unusual structures: the role of probability. J. Wohlgemuth ve M. Cysouw (Yay. haz.), Rethinking Universals: How Rarities Affect Linguistic Theory içinde (s. 91-104). De Gruyter Mouton.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Corpus Linguistics, Linguistic Structures (Incl. Phonology, Morphology and Syntax), Historical, Comparative and Typological Linguistics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Çağrı Akkuş 0009-0008-9175-4129

Özge Can 0000-0003-2864-2649

Publication Date December 24, 2024
Submission Date July 31, 2024
Acceptance Date October 21, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 35 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akkuş, Ç., & Can, Ö. (2024). Dilsel Çeşitliliğin Sınırları: Türkçenin Azrak Dil Özellikleri. Dilbilim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 35(2), 167-196. https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1525206

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Journal DOI: 10.18492/dad