Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1, 69 - 101, 31.05.2019
Öz
This study was carried out to answer what kind of representations in
Turkish could be obtained on spatial frames of reference. In the experiment
which was conducted to determine spatial frames of reference used in Turkish,
four different production tasks consisting of two object arrangements which
indicate localization were done by total 80 participants 40 of whom were female
and 40 of whom were male. This study presents a discussion based on the data
which were obtained from the production tasks by the participants.
The first highlighted finding of this study is that intrinsic and
relative frames of reference are used to convey the relation of localization
between two objects in Turkish. On the other hand, the features of objects
which are figure and ground affect directly the selection of spatial frames of
reference in Turkish is the other finding of this study. So much so that
frequency of their usage varies according to the features of objects which are
figure and ground and their arrangements. It was determined that gender was not
variable in the selection of spatial frames of reference within the scope of
research questions of this study. Besides that, there was not a significant
difference in terms of relative frame of reference usage between the
participants from social science and physical science, tendency of intrinsic
frame of reference usage was higher in the participants from physical science.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Beller, S., Singmann, H., Hüther L. & Bender, A. (2015). Turn around to have a look? Spatial referencing in dorsal vs. frontal settings in cross-linguistic comparison. Frontiers in Psychology, 6: 1283, 1-17.
- Borillo, A. (1998). L’espace et Son Expression en Français. Paris: Ophrys.
- Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (2000). Frames of spatial reference and their acquisition in Tenejapan Tzeltal. In L. P. Nucci, G. B. Saxe, & E. Turiel (Eds.), Culture, thought, and development. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 167–197.
- Carlson, L.A. & Hill, P.L. (2007). Experimental methods for studying language and space. In M. Gonzalez-Marquez, I. Mittelberg, S. Coulson & M.J. Spivey (Eds.), Methods in cognitive linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. sf. 250-276.
- Carlson-Radvansky, L.A. & Irwin, D. (1993). Frames of reference in vision and language: where is above? Cognition, 46, 223-244.
- Carlson-Radvansky, L.A., & Irwin, D.E. (1994). Reference frame activation during spatial term assignment. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 646–671.
- Carlson-Radvansky, L.A., & Radvansky, G.A. (1996). The influence of functional relations on spatial term selection. Psychological Science, 7, 56–60.
- Clark, H. (1973). Space, time, semantics and the child. In T.E.Moore, ed. Cognitive development and the acquisition of language. 28-63. New York: Academic Press.
- Cox, M.V. (1985). Deictic and Nondeictic Interpretations of 'in front of' and 'behind' in Fronted Object Tasks. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 8: 183-193.
- Coventry, K.R. (1998). Spatial prepositions, functional relations, and lexical specification. In P. Olivier & K.-P. Gapp (Eds.), Representation and processing of spatial expressions (pp. 247–262). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Coventry, K.R., & Prat-Sala, M. (1998). Geometry, function, and the comprehension of Over, Under, Above and Below. In M.A. Gernsbacher & S.J. Derry (Eds.), Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society 261–266. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Gallistel, C.R. (2002). Language and spatial frames of reference in mind and brain. Trends Cogn. Sci. 6, 321–322.
- Haviland, J.B. (1993) Anchoring, iconicity, and orientation in Guugu Yimithirr pointing gestures. J. Linguist. Anthropol. 3, 3–45.
- Haviland, J.B. (1998) Guugu Yimithirr cardinal directions. Ethos 26, 25–47.
- Heine, B. (1997). Cognitive foundations of grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Herskovits, A. (1986). Language and spatial cognition: An interdisciplinary study of the prepositions of English. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
- Herskovits, A. (1998). Schematization. In P. Olivier & K.-P. Gapp (Eds.), Representation and processing of spatial expressions (pp. 149–162). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Hill, C. (1982). Up/Down, Front/Back, Left/Right. A Contrastive Study of Hausa and English. In Here and There. Cross-Linguistic Studies on Deixis and Demonstration, J. Weissenborn and W. Klein (eds.). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
- Imai, M., Nakanishi, T., Miyashita, H., Kidachi, Y. and Ishizaki, S. (1999) The Meanings of FRONT/BACK/LEFT/RIGHT. Cognitive Studies, 6, 207-225.
- Johnston, J. ve Slobin, D. (1979). The development of locative expressions in English, Italian, Serbo-Croation, and Turkish. Journal of Child Language, 6, 529-45.
- Landau, B., & Jackendoff, R. (1993). “What” and “where” in spatial language and spatial cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16, 217-238.
- Levelt, W. J. M. (1984). Some perceptual limitations on talking about space. In A. van Doom, W. van de Grind, and J. Koenderink (Eds.), Limits of perception: Essays in honour of Maarten A. Bouman, 323-358. Utrecht: VNU Science Press.
- Levelt, W.J.M. (1989). Speaking: From intention to articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Levelt, W.J.M. (1996). Perspective taking and ellipsis in spatial descriptions, in P. Bloom, M. Peterson,L. Nadel and M. Garrett (eds.), Language and space, 77 -108. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Levinson, S.C. (1994). Vision, shape and linguistic description: Tzeltal body-part terminology and object description. Linguistics 32, 791–855.
- Levinson, S.C., (1996). Frames of reference and Molyneux’s question: crosslinguistic evidence. In: Bloom, P., Peterson, M., Nadel, L., Garrett, M. (Eds.), Language and Space. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 109–170.
- Levinson, S.C. (2003). Space in language and cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Levinson, S.C. & Wilkins, D.P. (Eds.) (2006). Grammars of space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Majid, A., Bowerman, M., Kita, S., Haun, D., & Levinson, S. (2004). Can language restructure cognition? The case for space. Trends in Cognitive Science, 8(3), 108–114.
- Miller, G. A., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1976). Language and Perception. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
- Pederson, E., Danziger, E., Wilkins, D., Levinson, S., Kita, S., & Senft, G. (1998). Semantic typology and spatial conceptualization. Language, 74(3), 557–589.
- Pederson, E. (2003) How many reference frames? (Freska, C. et al., eds), Spatial Cognition III: Routes and Navigation, Human Memory and Learning, Spatial Representation and Spatial Learning. 287–304, Springer Verlag.
- Piaget, J. (2011). Çocukta Akıl Yürütme ve Karar Verme. (Çev: Sabri Esat Siyavuşgil), Ankara: Palme Yayıncılık.
- Retz-Schmidt, G. (1988). Various Views on Spatial Prepositions. AI Magazine, Vol. 9, No. 2, 95-105.
- Shusterman, A. & Li, P. (2016). Frames of reference in spatial language acquisition. Cognitive Psychology, 88, 115–16.
- Sogo, E., Wada, Y. & Kato, T. (2000). Selection of frame of reference in spatial cognition: Effects of the inherent direction of reference and located objects. Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 1, 13-21.
- Svorou, S. (1994). The grammar of space. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing.
- Taylor, H.A., & Tversky, B. (1992). Descriptions and depictions of environments. Memory and Cognition, 20, 483–496.
- Tversky, B. (1991) Spatial mental models. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory, vol. 27, 109-146. New York: Academic Press.
- Vandeloise, C. (1986), L'espace en français: semantique des prepositions spatiales. Paris: Le Seuil.
- Vandeloise, C. (1994). Methodology and analyses of the preposition in. Cognitive Linguistics, 5, 157–184.
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1, 69 - 101, 31.05.2019
Öz
Bu
çalışma uzamsal referans çerçeveleri üzerine Türkçeden bakıldığında ne tür
görünümlere erişilebileceği sorusundan hareketle yapılmıştır. Türkçe için
kullanılan uzamsal referans çerçevelerini tespit etmek amacıyla
gerçekleştirilen uygulamada, konumlanış ilişkisi aktaran ikili nesne
düzenlemelerinden oluşan dört farklı üretim
görevi (production task) 40 kadın ve 40 erkek olmak üzere toplam 80
katılımcı tarafından yerine getirilmiştir.
Çalışma, bu uygulamada katılımcıların yerine getirdiği üretim görevlerinden
elde edilen verilere dayalı bir tartışma sunmaktadır.
Çalışmanın
öne çıkardığı bulguların ilki Türkçede iki nesne arasındaki konumlanış
ilişkisini aktarmak amacıyla içsel
(intrinsic) ve göreli (relative)
referans çerçevelerinin kullanılıyor oluşudur. Öte yandan, konumlanan ile
konumlayan olan nesnelerin özelliklerinin uzamsal referans çerçevesi seçimini
Türkçede de doğrudan etkilemekte olduğu çalışmanın bir diğer bulgusunu
oluşturmuştur. Öyle ki, kullanım sıklıkları, konumlanan ve konumlayan olan nesnelerin
özelliklerine göre ve nesne düzenlemelerine göre farklılık göstermektedir. Bu
çalışmanın araştırma soruları çerçevesinde cinsiyetin uzamsal referans
çerçevesi seçiminde bir değişken olmadığı saptanmıştır. Bunun yanında fen
bilimleri ile sosyal bilimlerden gelen katılımcılar arasında göreli referans
çerçevesi kullanımı açısından anlamlı bir fark olmazken içsel referans
çerçevesi kullanma eğilimi fen bilimlerinden gelen katılımcılarda daha
fazladır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Beller, S., Singmann, H., Hüther L. & Bender, A. (2015). Turn around to have a look? Spatial referencing in dorsal vs. frontal settings in cross-linguistic comparison. Frontiers in Psychology, 6: 1283, 1-17.
- Borillo, A. (1998). L’espace et Son Expression en Français. Paris: Ophrys.
- Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (2000). Frames of spatial reference and their acquisition in Tenejapan Tzeltal. In L. P. Nucci, G. B. Saxe, & E. Turiel (Eds.), Culture, thought, and development. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 167–197.
- Carlson, L.A. & Hill, P.L. (2007). Experimental methods for studying language and space. In M. Gonzalez-Marquez, I. Mittelberg, S. Coulson & M.J. Spivey (Eds.), Methods in cognitive linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. sf. 250-276.
- Carlson-Radvansky, L.A. & Irwin, D. (1993). Frames of reference in vision and language: where is above? Cognition, 46, 223-244.
- Carlson-Radvansky, L.A., & Irwin, D.E. (1994). Reference frame activation during spatial term assignment. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 646–671.
- Carlson-Radvansky, L.A., & Radvansky, G.A. (1996). The influence of functional relations on spatial term selection. Psychological Science, 7, 56–60.
- Clark, H. (1973). Space, time, semantics and the child. In T.E.Moore, ed. Cognitive development and the acquisition of language. 28-63. New York: Academic Press.
- Cox, M.V. (1985). Deictic and Nondeictic Interpretations of 'in front of' and 'behind' in Fronted Object Tasks. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 8: 183-193.
- Coventry, K.R. (1998). Spatial prepositions, functional relations, and lexical specification. In P. Olivier & K.-P. Gapp (Eds.), Representation and processing of spatial expressions (pp. 247–262). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Coventry, K.R., & Prat-Sala, M. (1998). Geometry, function, and the comprehension of Over, Under, Above and Below. In M.A. Gernsbacher & S.J. Derry (Eds.), Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society 261–266. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Gallistel, C.R. (2002). Language and spatial frames of reference in mind and brain. Trends Cogn. Sci. 6, 321–322.
- Haviland, J.B. (1993) Anchoring, iconicity, and orientation in Guugu Yimithirr pointing gestures. J. Linguist. Anthropol. 3, 3–45.
- Haviland, J.B. (1998) Guugu Yimithirr cardinal directions. Ethos 26, 25–47.
- Heine, B. (1997). Cognitive foundations of grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Herskovits, A. (1986). Language and spatial cognition: An interdisciplinary study of the prepositions of English. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
- Herskovits, A. (1998). Schematization. In P. Olivier & K.-P. Gapp (Eds.), Representation and processing of spatial expressions (pp. 149–162). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Hill, C. (1982). Up/Down, Front/Back, Left/Right. A Contrastive Study of Hausa and English. In Here and There. Cross-Linguistic Studies on Deixis and Demonstration, J. Weissenborn and W. Klein (eds.). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
- Imai, M., Nakanishi, T., Miyashita, H., Kidachi, Y. and Ishizaki, S. (1999) The Meanings of FRONT/BACK/LEFT/RIGHT. Cognitive Studies, 6, 207-225.
- Johnston, J. ve Slobin, D. (1979). The development of locative expressions in English, Italian, Serbo-Croation, and Turkish. Journal of Child Language, 6, 529-45.
- Landau, B., & Jackendoff, R. (1993). “What” and “where” in spatial language and spatial cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16, 217-238.
- Levelt, W. J. M. (1984). Some perceptual limitations on talking about space. In A. van Doom, W. van de Grind, and J. Koenderink (Eds.), Limits of perception: Essays in honour of Maarten A. Bouman, 323-358. Utrecht: VNU Science Press.
- Levelt, W.J.M. (1989). Speaking: From intention to articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Levelt, W.J.M. (1996). Perspective taking and ellipsis in spatial descriptions, in P. Bloom, M. Peterson,L. Nadel and M. Garrett (eds.), Language and space, 77 -108. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Levinson, S.C. (1994). Vision, shape and linguistic description: Tzeltal body-part terminology and object description. Linguistics 32, 791–855.
- Levinson, S.C., (1996). Frames of reference and Molyneux’s question: crosslinguistic evidence. In: Bloom, P., Peterson, M., Nadel, L., Garrett, M. (Eds.), Language and Space. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 109–170.
- Levinson, S.C. (2003). Space in language and cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Levinson, S.C. & Wilkins, D.P. (Eds.) (2006). Grammars of space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Majid, A., Bowerman, M., Kita, S., Haun, D., & Levinson, S. (2004). Can language restructure cognition? The case for space. Trends in Cognitive Science, 8(3), 108–114.
- Miller, G. A., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1976). Language and Perception. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
- Pederson, E., Danziger, E., Wilkins, D., Levinson, S., Kita, S., & Senft, G. (1998). Semantic typology and spatial conceptualization. Language, 74(3), 557–589.
- Pederson, E. (2003) How many reference frames? (Freska, C. et al., eds), Spatial Cognition III: Routes and Navigation, Human Memory and Learning, Spatial Representation and Spatial Learning. 287–304, Springer Verlag.
- Piaget, J. (2011). Çocukta Akıl Yürütme ve Karar Verme. (Çev: Sabri Esat Siyavuşgil), Ankara: Palme Yayıncılık.
- Retz-Schmidt, G. (1988). Various Views on Spatial Prepositions. AI Magazine, Vol. 9, No. 2, 95-105.
- Shusterman, A. & Li, P. (2016). Frames of reference in spatial language acquisition. Cognitive Psychology, 88, 115–16.
- Sogo, E., Wada, Y. & Kato, T. (2000). Selection of frame of reference in spatial cognition: Effects of the inherent direction of reference and located objects. Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 1, 13-21.
- Svorou, S. (1994). The grammar of space. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing.
- Taylor, H.A., & Tversky, B. (1992). Descriptions and depictions of environments. Memory and Cognition, 20, 483–496.
- Tversky, B. (1991) Spatial mental models. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory, vol. 27, 109-146. New York: Academic Press.
- Vandeloise, C. (1986), L'espace en français: semantique des prepositions spatiales. Paris: Le Seuil.
- Vandeloise, C. (1994). Methodology and analyses of the preposition in. Cognitive Linguistics, 5, 157–184.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Mayıs 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1 |
Bu eser
Dergi DOI:10.18492/dad