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D1 Türkçe Konuşucularında Duygusal İşlemleme: Duygusal Stroop Deneyinin Bulguları

Year 2025, Volume: 36 Issue: 2, 159 - 183, 30.12.2025

Gizem Adeka , Serkan Uygun

https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1722577

Abstract

Türkçe’de duygusal Stroop deneyinin değişik varyasyonları ağırlıklı olarak psikiyatri ve psikoloji alanlarında kullanılmıştır. D1 Türkçe konuşucularının duygusal olarak değerlenmiş (pozitif, negatif) sözcüklerle nötr sözcükleri nasıl işlemlediğini inceleyen psikodilbilim çalışmaları yok denecek kadar azdır. Bu sebeple, çalışmanın amacı, Türkçe sözcüklerin 60 yetişkin D1 Türkçe konuşucusu tarafından duygusal olarak nasıl işlemlendiğini araştırmak ve aynı zamanda sözcüklerin sahip olduğu duygusal değerliğin bu sözcüklerin işlemlenmesini etkileyip etkilemediğini ortaya çıkarmaktır. Deney sırasında katılımcılardan, bilgisayar ekranında gördükleri sözcüğün anlamını göz ardı ederek, olabildiğince hızlı ve doğru bir şekilde sözcük yeşil veya mavi ile yazılmışsa klavyedeki ‘Q’ tuşuna, sarı veya kırmızı ile yazılmışsa ‘P’ tuşuna basmaları istenmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular, duygusal değerlik haricinde farklı değişkenler bakımından eşleştirilmiş pozitif, negatif ve nötr Türkçe sözcükler bir duygusal Stroop deneyinde kullanıldığında, D1 Türkçe konuşucularının bu sözcüklere verdikleri cevapların hızını ve doğruluğunu etkilemediğini göstermektedir. Bu durum, duygusal değerliğin tek başına duygusal Stroop deneyindeki performansa önemli bir etkisinin olmadığı anlamına gelmektedir. Ayrıca, kademeli doğrusal regresyon analizi, uyarılma, baskınlık, harf sayısı, kullanım sıklığı ve somutluk değişkenlerinin tepki süresinin yordayıcıları olduğu fikrini desteklememiştir.

Keywords

duygusal işlemleme duygusal değerlik duygusal Stroop deneyi D1 Türkçe

References

  • Algom, D., Chajut, E., & Lev, S. (2004). A rational look at the emotional Stroop phenomenon: A generic slowdown, not a Stroop effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 323–338.
  • Aruntaş, M. A. (2013). Resolving emotional conflicts in healthy adolescent population (Publication no. 343110) [Master's thesis, Middle East Technical University].
  • Başgöze, Z. (2008). Emotional conflict resolution in healthy and depressed populations (Publication no. 233578) [Master's thesis, Middle East Technical University].
  • Başgöze, Z. (2015). The localization of emotional stroop activations in healthy and major depressive disorder populations using fMRI (Publication no. 425841) [Doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University].
  • Başgöze, Z., Gönül, A. S., Baskak, B., & Gökçay, D. (2015). Valence-based Word-Face Stroop task reveals differential emotional interference in patients with major depression. Psychiatry Research, 229(3), 960-967.
  • Ben-David, B. M., Chajut, E., & Algom, D. (2012). The pale shades of emotion: A signal detection theory analysis of the emotional Stroop task. Psychology, 3, 537–541.
  • Ben-Haim, M. S., Williams, P., Howard, Z., Mama, Y., Eidels, A., & Algom, D. (2016). The emotional Stroop task: assessing cognitive performance under exposure to emotional content. Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE, (112), 53720.
  • Craig, A. D. (2005). Forebrain emotional asymmetry: a neuroanatomical basis?. Trends in cognitive sciences, 9(12), 566-571.
  • Crossfield, E., & Damian, M. F. (2021). The role of valence in word processing: Evidence from lexical decision and emotional Stroop tasks. Acta Psychologica, 218, 103359.
  • Doğanay, E. M. (2023). The effects of fear vs. anger on emotional Stroop tasks in young adults (Publication no. 834842) [Master’s thesis, Çankaya University].
  • Dresler, T., Mériau, K., Heekeren, H. R., & van der Meer, E. (2009). Emotional Stroop task: effect of word arousal and subject anxiety on emotional interference. Psychological Research PRPF, 73, 364-371.
  • Eilola, T. M., & Havelka, J. (2011). Behavioural and physiological responses to the emotional and taboo Stroop tasks in native and non-native speakers of English. International Journal of Bilingualism, 15, 353–369.
  • Eilola, T. M., Havelka, J., & Sharma, D. (2007). Emotional activation in the first and second language. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 1064–1076.
  • Estes, Z., & Adelman, J. S. (2008). Automatic vigilance for negative words is categorical and general. Emotion, 8(4), 453–457. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012887
  • Fox, E. (1993). Attentional bias in anxiety: Selective or not? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 487-493.
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions?. Review of general psychology, 2(3), 300-319.
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American psychologist, 56(3), 218.
  • Frings, C., Englert, J., Wentura, D., & Bermeitinger, C. (2010). Decomposing the emotional Stroop. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 42–49.
  • Harrell, F. E., Jr. (2020). Hmisc: Harrell miscellaneous (Version 4.4-0) [R package]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Hmisc
  • Hebbali, A. (2020). olsrr: Tools for building OLS regression models [R package]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=olsrr
  • Hoffman, P., Lambon Ralph, M. A., & Rogers, T. T. (2013). Semantic diversity: A measure of semantic ambiguity based on variability in the contextual usage of words. Behavior Research Methods, 45(3), 718–730. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0278-x
  • Imbir, K. K., Duda-Goławska, J., Pastwa, M., Jankowska, M., & Żygierewicz, J. (2021). Event-related potential correlates of valence, arousal, and subjective significance in processing of an emotional Stroop task. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 617861.
  • Ishihara, S. (1939). The series of plates designed as tests for colour blindness: Instruction manual. Kanehara Shuppan Co.
  • Juhasz, B. J., Yap, M. J., Dicke, J., Taylor, S. C., & Gullick, M. M. (2011). Tangible words are recognized faster: The grounding of meaning in sensory and perceptual systems. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64(9), 1683-1691. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.605150
  • Kahan, T. A., & Hely, C. D. (2008). The role of valence and frequency in the emotional Stroop task. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 956–960.
  • Kaspi, S. P., McNally, R. J., & Amir, N. (1995). Cognitive processing of emotional information in posttraumatic stress disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 319-330.
  • Kunde, W., & Mauer, N. (2008). Sequential modulations of valence processing in the emotional Stroop task. Experimental psychology, 55(3), 151-156.
  • Kuperman, V., Estes, Z., Brysbaert, M., & Warriner, A. B. (2014). Emotion and language: Valence and arousal affect word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 1065–1081.
  • Larsen, R. J., Mercer, K. A., & Balota, D. A. (2006). Lexical characteristics of words used in emotional Stroop experiments. Emotion, 6, 62–72.
  • Larsen, R. J., Mercer, K. A., Balota, D. A., & Strube, M. J. (2008). Not all negative words slow down lexical decision and naming speed: Importance of word arousal. Emotion, 8, 445–452.
  • Lavy, E. H., Oppen, P. van, & Hout, M. van den. (1994). Selective processing of emotional information in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 243-246.
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press.
  • Lenth, R. V. (2025). emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means (Version 1.11.0-005) [R package]. https://rvlenth.github.io/emmeans/
  • Liu, X., Yang, Y., Jiang, S., & Li, J. (2018). The facilitating effect of positive emotions during an emotional Stroop task. Neuroreport, 29, 883–888.
  • MacKay, D. G., Shafto, M., Taylor, J. K., Marian, D. E., Abrams, L., & Dyer, J. R. (2004). Relations between emotion, memory, and attention: Evidence from taboo Stroop, lexical decision, and immediate memory tasks. Memory and Cognition, 32, 474–488.
  • MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163-203.
  • Makowski, D., Ben-Shachar, M. S., & Lüdecke, D. (2019). bayestestR: Describing effects and their uncertainty, existence and significance within the Bayesian framework. Journal of Open-Source Software, 4(40), 1541. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01541
  • Martin, M., Horder, P., & Jones, G. V. (1992). Integral bias in naming of phobia-related words. Cognition and Emotion, 6. 479-486.
  • Mathews, A., Mogg, K., Kentish, J., & Eysenck, M. (1995). Effect of psychological treatment on cognitive bias in generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour research and therapy, 33(3), 293-303.
  • Mathews, A. M., & Sebastian, S. (1993). Suppression of emotional Stroop effects by fear arousal. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 517-5 30.
  • Mattia, J. I., Heimberg, R. G., & Hope, D. A. (1993). The revised Stroop color-naming task in social phobics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 305-313.
  • McKenna, F. P. (1986). Effects of unattended emotional stimuli on color-naming performance. Current Psychological Research & Reviews, 5, 3-9.
  • McKenna, F. P., & Sharma, D. (1995). Intrusive cognitions: An investigation of the emotional Stroop task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 1595–1607.
  • McKenna, F. P., & Sharma, D. (2004). Reversing the emotional Stroop effect reveals that it is not what it seems: the role of fast and slow components. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(2), 382.
  • McNally, R. J., Riemann, B. C., Louro, C. E., Lukach, B. M., & Kim, E. (1992). Cognitive processing of emotional information in panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 143-149.
  • Mergen, F., & Kuruoğlu, G. (2017). A comparison of Turkish-English bilinguals’ processing of emotion words in their two languages. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 3(2), 89-98.
  • Mergen, F., & Kuruoğlu, G. (2021). Lateralization of lexical processing in monolinguals and bilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism, 25(6), 1497-1509.
  • Morey, R. D., & Rouder, J. N. (2018). BayesFactor: Computation of Bayes factors for common designs (Version 0.9.12-4.2) [R package]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=BayesFactor
  • Okada, K., He, G., & Gonzales, A. (2019). Monolinguals and bilinguals differ in performance on the Taboo Stroop task. The Open Psychology Journal, 12(1).
  • Parris, B. A., Hasshim, N., Wadsley, M., Augustinova, M., & Ferrand, L. (2022). The loci of Stroop effects: A critical review of methods and evidence for levels of processing contributing to color-word Stroop effects and the implications for the loci of attentional selection. Psychological Research, 86(4), 1029–1053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-021-01554-x
  • Pratto, F., & John, O. P. (1991). Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 380–391.
  • Psychology Software Tools, Inc. (2016). E-Prime 3.0 [Computer software]. https://support.pstnet.com/
  • R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
  • Segal, Z. V., Truchon, C., Horowitz, L. M., Gemar, M., & Guirguis, M. (1995). A priming methodology for studying self-representation in major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 205-213.
  • Sezer, T., & Sezer, T. (2013, May). TS Corpus: Herkes için Türkçe derlem. In Proceedings of the 27th National Linguistics Conference (pp. 217–225).
  • Singmann, H., Bolker, B., Westfall, J., & Aust, F. (2020). afex: Analysis of factorial experiments (Version 0.27.2) [R package]. https://github.com/singmann/afex
  • Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of experimental psychology, 18(6), 643.
  • Sutton, T. M., Altarriba, J., Gianico, J. L., & Basnight-Brown, D. M. (2007). The automatic access of emotion: Emotional Stroop effects in Spanish–English bilingual speakers. Cognition and Emotion, 21(5), 1077-1090.
  • Tekcan, A. İ., & Göz, İ. (2005). 600 Türkçe kelimenin imgelem, somutluk, sıklık değerleri ve çağrısım setleri. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Warriner, A. B., Kuperman, V., & Brysbaert, M. (2013). Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for over 13,915 English lemmas. Behaviour Research Methods, 45, 1191–1207.
  • Waters, A. J., Sayette, M. A., Franken, I. H., & Schwartz, J. E. (2005). Generalizability of carry-over effects in the emotional Stroop task. Behaviour research and therapy, 43(6), 715-732.
  • Williams, J. M. G., Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (1996). The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 3–24.
  • Yap, M. J., & Seow, C. S. (2014). The influence of emotion on lexical processing: Insights from RT distributional analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21, 526–533.

Affective Processing in L1 Turkish Speakers: Evidence from Emotional Stroop Task

Year 2025, Volume: 36 Issue: 2, 159 - 183, 30.12.2025

Gizem Adeka , Serkan Uygun

https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1722577

Abstract

In Turkish, different variations of the emotional Stroop task have been mostly utilized in psychology and psychiatry research. So far, psycholinguistic studies on how L1 Turkish speakers process emotionally valenced (positive, negative) and neutral words have been scant. Thus, the study aimed to investigate how emotionally valenced and neutral Turkish words are processed by 60 adult monolingual Turkish speakers. During the experiment, participants were asked to report the color of the word on the screen as quickly and accurately as possible while ignoring its meaning by pressing the ‘Q’ key for green or blue words and the ‘P’ key for yellow or red words. The findings revealed when Turkish words carefully matched on variables other than valence were used as the stimuli in the emotional Stroop task, valence did not affect the speed and accuracy of responses. That is, valence alone does not have a significant impact on the emotional Stroop task performance. Besides, a stepwise linear regression analysis did not support the view that variables such as arousal, dominance, number of letters, frequency, and concreteness are the predictors of reaction time.

Keywords

affective processing valence emotional Stroop task L1 Turkish

Ethical Statement

This study has not been previously published elsewhere. It is not under review in another journal. Publication of the study has been approved, either implicitly or explicitly, by all authors and the responsible authorities at the university/research center where the study was conducted. If the study is accepted for publication, it will not be published in the same form in another printed or electronic medium in Turkish or any other language without the written permission of the Journal of Linguistic Research. Bahçeşehir University Ethics Committee approval dated 05.08.2024 and numbered E-85646034-604.01-86197 was obtained from the Ethics Committee. Participants were informed about the research, and informed consent was obtained from the participants.

Supporting Institution

No financial support was received for the study.

References

  • Algom, D., Chajut, E., & Lev, S. (2004). A rational look at the emotional Stroop phenomenon: A generic slowdown, not a Stroop effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 323–338.
  • Aruntaş, M. A. (2013). Resolving emotional conflicts in healthy adolescent population (Publication no. 343110) [Master's thesis, Middle East Technical University].
  • Başgöze, Z. (2008). Emotional conflict resolution in healthy and depressed populations (Publication no. 233578) [Master's thesis, Middle East Technical University].
  • Başgöze, Z. (2015). The localization of emotional stroop activations in healthy and major depressive disorder populations using fMRI (Publication no. 425841) [Doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University].
  • Başgöze, Z., Gönül, A. S., Baskak, B., & Gökçay, D. (2015). Valence-based Word-Face Stroop task reveals differential emotional interference in patients with major depression. Psychiatry Research, 229(3), 960-967.
  • Ben-David, B. M., Chajut, E., & Algom, D. (2012). The pale shades of emotion: A signal detection theory analysis of the emotional Stroop task. Psychology, 3, 537–541.
  • Ben-Haim, M. S., Williams, P., Howard, Z., Mama, Y., Eidels, A., & Algom, D. (2016). The emotional Stroop task: assessing cognitive performance under exposure to emotional content. Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE, (112), 53720.
  • Craig, A. D. (2005). Forebrain emotional asymmetry: a neuroanatomical basis?. Trends in cognitive sciences, 9(12), 566-571.
  • Crossfield, E., & Damian, M. F. (2021). The role of valence in word processing: Evidence from lexical decision and emotional Stroop tasks. Acta Psychologica, 218, 103359.
  • Doğanay, E. M. (2023). The effects of fear vs. anger on emotional Stroop tasks in young adults (Publication no. 834842) [Master’s thesis, Çankaya University].
  • Dresler, T., Mériau, K., Heekeren, H. R., & van der Meer, E. (2009). Emotional Stroop task: effect of word arousal and subject anxiety on emotional interference. Psychological Research PRPF, 73, 364-371.
  • Eilola, T. M., & Havelka, J. (2011). Behavioural and physiological responses to the emotional and taboo Stroop tasks in native and non-native speakers of English. International Journal of Bilingualism, 15, 353–369.
  • Eilola, T. M., Havelka, J., & Sharma, D. (2007). Emotional activation in the first and second language. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 1064–1076.
  • Estes, Z., & Adelman, J. S. (2008). Automatic vigilance for negative words is categorical and general. Emotion, 8(4), 453–457. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012887
  • Fox, E. (1993). Attentional bias in anxiety: Selective or not? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 487-493.
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions?. Review of general psychology, 2(3), 300-319.
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American psychologist, 56(3), 218.
  • Frings, C., Englert, J., Wentura, D., & Bermeitinger, C. (2010). Decomposing the emotional Stroop. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 42–49.
  • Harrell, F. E., Jr. (2020). Hmisc: Harrell miscellaneous (Version 4.4-0) [R package]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Hmisc
  • Hebbali, A. (2020). olsrr: Tools for building OLS regression models [R package]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=olsrr
  • Hoffman, P., Lambon Ralph, M. A., & Rogers, T. T. (2013). Semantic diversity: A measure of semantic ambiguity based on variability in the contextual usage of words. Behavior Research Methods, 45(3), 718–730. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0278-x
  • Imbir, K. K., Duda-Goławska, J., Pastwa, M., Jankowska, M., & Żygierewicz, J. (2021). Event-related potential correlates of valence, arousal, and subjective significance in processing of an emotional Stroop task. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 617861.
  • Ishihara, S. (1939). The series of plates designed as tests for colour blindness: Instruction manual. Kanehara Shuppan Co.
  • Juhasz, B. J., Yap, M. J., Dicke, J., Taylor, S. C., & Gullick, M. M. (2011). Tangible words are recognized faster: The grounding of meaning in sensory and perceptual systems. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64(9), 1683-1691. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.605150
  • Kahan, T. A., & Hely, C. D. (2008). The role of valence and frequency in the emotional Stroop task. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 956–960.
  • Kaspi, S. P., McNally, R. J., & Amir, N. (1995). Cognitive processing of emotional information in posttraumatic stress disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 19, 319-330.
  • Kunde, W., & Mauer, N. (2008). Sequential modulations of valence processing in the emotional Stroop task. Experimental psychology, 55(3), 151-156.
  • Kuperman, V., Estes, Z., Brysbaert, M., & Warriner, A. B. (2014). Emotion and language: Valence and arousal affect word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 1065–1081.
  • Larsen, R. J., Mercer, K. A., & Balota, D. A. (2006). Lexical characteristics of words used in emotional Stroop experiments. Emotion, 6, 62–72.
  • Larsen, R. J., Mercer, K. A., Balota, D. A., & Strube, M. J. (2008). Not all negative words slow down lexical decision and naming speed: Importance of word arousal. Emotion, 8, 445–452.
  • Lavy, E. H., Oppen, P. van, & Hout, M. van den. (1994). Selective processing of emotional information in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 243-246.
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press.
  • Lenth, R. V. (2025). emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means (Version 1.11.0-005) [R package]. https://rvlenth.github.io/emmeans/
  • Liu, X., Yang, Y., Jiang, S., & Li, J. (2018). The facilitating effect of positive emotions during an emotional Stroop task. Neuroreport, 29, 883–888.
  • MacKay, D. G., Shafto, M., Taylor, J. K., Marian, D. E., Abrams, L., & Dyer, J. R. (2004). Relations between emotion, memory, and attention: Evidence from taboo Stroop, lexical decision, and immediate memory tasks. Memory and Cognition, 32, 474–488.
  • MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163-203.
  • Makowski, D., Ben-Shachar, M. S., & Lüdecke, D. (2019). bayestestR: Describing effects and their uncertainty, existence and significance within the Bayesian framework. Journal of Open-Source Software, 4(40), 1541. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01541
  • Martin, M., Horder, P., & Jones, G. V. (1992). Integral bias in naming of phobia-related words. Cognition and Emotion, 6. 479-486.
  • Mathews, A., Mogg, K., Kentish, J., & Eysenck, M. (1995). Effect of psychological treatment on cognitive bias in generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour research and therapy, 33(3), 293-303.
  • Mathews, A. M., & Sebastian, S. (1993). Suppression of emotional Stroop effects by fear arousal. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 517-5 30.
  • Mattia, J. I., Heimberg, R. G., & Hope, D. A. (1993). The revised Stroop color-naming task in social phobics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 305-313.
  • McKenna, F. P. (1986). Effects of unattended emotional stimuli on color-naming performance. Current Psychological Research & Reviews, 5, 3-9.
  • McKenna, F. P., & Sharma, D. (1995). Intrusive cognitions: An investigation of the emotional Stroop task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 1595–1607.
  • McKenna, F. P., & Sharma, D. (2004). Reversing the emotional Stroop effect reveals that it is not what it seems: the role of fast and slow components. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(2), 382.
  • McNally, R. J., Riemann, B. C., Louro, C. E., Lukach, B. M., & Kim, E. (1992). Cognitive processing of emotional information in panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 143-149.
  • Mergen, F., & Kuruoğlu, G. (2017). A comparison of Turkish-English bilinguals’ processing of emotion words in their two languages. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 3(2), 89-98.
  • Mergen, F., & Kuruoğlu, G. (2021). Lateralization of lexical processing in monolinguals and bilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism, 25(6), 1497-1509.
  • Morey, R. D., & Rouder, J. N. (2018). BayesFactor: Computation of Bayes factors for common designs (Version 0.9.12-4.2) [R package]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=BayesFactor
  • Okada, K., He, G., & Gonzales, A. (2019). Monolinguals and bilinguals differ in performance on the Taboo Stroop task. The Open Psychology Journal, 12(1).
  • Parris, B. A., Hasshim, N., Wadsley, M., Augustinova, M., & Ferrand, L. (2022). The loci of Stroop effects: A critical review of methods and evidence for levels of processing contributing to color-word Stroop effects and the implications for the loci of attentional selection. Psychological Research, 86(4), 1029–1053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-021-01554-x
  • Pratto, F., & John, O. P. (1991). Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 380–391.
  • Psychology Software Tools, Inc. (2016). E-Prime 3.0 [Computer software]. https://support.pstnet.com/
  • R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
  • Segal, Z. V., Truchon, C., Horowitz, L. M., Gemar, M., & Guirguis, M. (1995). A priming methodology for studying self-representation in major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 205-213.
  • Sezer, T., & Sezer, T. (2013, May). TS Corpus: Herkes için Türkçe derlem. In Proceedings of the 27th National Linguistics Conference (pp. 217–225).
  • Singmann, H., Bolker, B., Westfall, J., & Aust, F. (2020). afex: Analysis of factorial experiments (Version 0.27.2) [R package]. https://github.com/singmann/afex
  • Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of experimental psychology, 18(6), 643.
  • Sutton, T. M., Altarriba, J., Gianico, J. L., & Basnight-Brown, D. M. (2007). The automatic access of emotion: Emotional Stroop effects in Spanish–English bilingual speakers. Cognition and Emotion, 21(5), 1077-1090.
  • Tekcan, A. İ., & Göz, İ. (2005). 600 Türkçe kelimenin imgelem, somutluk, sıklık değerleri ve çağrısım setleri. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Warriner, A. B., Kuperman, V., & Brysbaert, M. (2013). Norms of valence, arousal, and dominance for over 13,915 English lemmas. Behaviour Research Methods, 45, 1191–1207.
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There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Linguistics (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gizem Adeka 0000-0002-0342-2896

Serkan Uygun 0000-0002-0880-9280

Submission Date June 19, 2025
Acceptance Date December 17, 2025
Publication Date December 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 36 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Adeka, G., & Uygun, S. (2025). Affective Processing in L1 Turkish Speakers: Evidence from Emotional Stroop Task. Dilbilim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 36(2), 159-183. https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1722577

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Journal DOI: 10.18492/dad