Research Article
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Dilbilim Araştırmalarında Açık Bilim

Year 2021, Volume: 32 Issue: 2, 149 - 175, 31.12.2021

Esra Ataman , Ozan Can Çağlar , Bilal Kırkıcı

https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.936072

Abstract

Daha açık, şeffaf, tekrarlanabilir ve yeniden üretilebilir çalışmalar yürütmeye dikkat çeken açık bilimle ilgili tartışmalar, son yıllarda alanyazında küresel olarak görünürlük kazanmaktadır. Bu tartışmalar, dilbilim alanında da kendine yer bulmuş, fakat ülkemizde bu alanda açık bilime dair kayda değer bir alanyazın henüz oluşmamıştır. Bu doğrultuda, bu makale tekrarlama krizi, bilimsel sahtekarlık ve yayın yanlılığı gibi açık bilime zemin hazırlayan gelişmelerin güncel bir özetini sunarak, şeffaflık, tekrarlanabilirlik ve yeniden üretilebilirlik gibi ilkelerin dil araştırmalarında nasıl vücut bulabileceğini irdelemiştir. Dahası, makalede gizli esneklik ve sakıncalı araştırma uygulamaları sorunlarına dil araştırmaları özelinde odaklanılmış ve bu sorunların ciddiyetine karşı bir farkındalık oluşturmak amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca, bu sorunlara karşı önerilmiş dört temel çözüm (ön kayıt, yeniden üretilebilir iş akışı, ön baskı ve veri/materyal paylaşımı) artı ve eksileriyle tartışılarak dil araştırmacılarının dikkatine sunulmuştur. Araştırmacıların bu çözüm önerilerini kendi alan ve koşullarını düşünerek değerlendirmeleri ve olabildiğince uygulamaları, dil araştırmalarında şeffaflık, tekrarlanabilirlik ve yeniden üretilebilirliği artırmaya katkı sağlayacaktır.

Keywords

açık bilim dil araştırmaları şeffaflık gizli esneklik ön kayıt

References

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  • Nosek, B. A., Ebersole, C. R., DeHaven, A. C., & Mellor, D. T. (2018). The preregistration revolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(11), 2600-2606. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708274114
  • Olsson-Collentine, A., van Assen, M. A. L. M., & Hartgerink, C. H. J. (2019). The Prevalence of Marginally Significant Results in Psychology Over Time. Psychological Science, 30(4), 576-586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619830326
  • Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716-aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716
  • Roettger, T. (2021). Preregistration in experimental linguistics: Applications, challenges, and limitations. Linguistics, 0(0), 000010151520190048. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0048
  • Roettger, T. , & Baer-Henney, D. (2018). Toward a replication culture: Speech production research in the classroom. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/q9t7c
  • Roettger, T., Winter, B., & Baayen, H. (2019). Emergent data analysis in phonetic sciences: Towards pluralism and reproducibility. Journal of Phonetics, 73, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2018.12.001
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  • Simonsohn, U., Nelson, L. D., & Simmons, J. P. (2013). P-Curve: A Key to the File Drawer (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2256237). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2256237
  • Spellman, B. A., Gilbert, E. A., & Corker, K. S. (2018). Open Science. İçinde Stevens’ Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience (ss. 1-47). American Cancer Society. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119170174.epcn519
  • Szollosi, A., Kellen, D., Navarro, D. J., Shiffrin, R., Rooij, I. van, Zandt, T. V., & Donkin, C. (2020). Is Preregistration Worthwhile? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(2), 94-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.11.009
  • The Retraction Watch Leaderboard. (2015, Haziran 16). Retraction Watch. https://retractionwatch.com/the-retraction-watch-leaderboard/
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2016). The Future of scientific advice to the United Nations: A summary report to the Secretary-General of the United Nations from the Scientific Advisory Board.
  • Vasishth, S., Mertzen, D., Jäger, L. A., & Gelman, A. (2018). The statistical significance filter leads to overoptimistic expectations of replicability. Journal of Memory and Language, 103, 151-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2018.07.004
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Open Science in Linguistic Research

Year 2021, Volume: 32 Issue: 2, 149 - 175, 31.12.2021

Esra Ataman , Ozan Can Çağlar , Bilal Kırkıcı

https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.936072

Abstract

Discussions about open science, which draws attention to conducting more open, transparent, replicable, and reproducible studies, have been making an appearance in the global literature in recent years. These discussions have also found their place in linguistics, though there is no well-established literature on open science in this field in Turkey yet. Accordingly, by presenting an up-to-date summary of developments that pave the way for open science, such as the replication crisis, scientific fraud, and publication bias, this article examines how related principles such as transparency, replicability, and reproducibility can manifest themselves in linguistic research. In the article, the problems of hidden flexibility and questionable research practices are discussed within the scope of linguistic research with the aim of raising awareness about the seriousness of these problems. Four basic solutions suggested in the literature to avoid these problems (pre-registration, reproducible workflow, preprint, and data/material sharing) are presented together with their pros and cons and are brought to the language researchers' attention. It is possible to increase transparency, replicability, and reproducibility in linguistic research when researchers evaluate these proposed solutions in the literature by considering their own fields and conditions and apply them to the extent possible.

Keywords

open science transparency hidden-flexibility pre-registration

References

  • Baker, M., & Dolgin, E. (2017). Cancer reproducibility project releases first results. Nature News, 541(7637), 269. https://doi.org/10.1038/541269a
  • Berez-Kroeker, A. L., Gawne, L., Kung, S. S., Kelly, B. F., Heston, T., Holton, G., Pulsifer, P., Beaver, D. I., Chelliah, S., Dubinsky, S., Meier, R. P., Thieberger, N., Rice, K., & Woodbury, A. C. (2018). Reproducible research in linguistics: A position statement on data citation and attribution in our field. Linguistics, 56(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2017-0032
  • Camerer, C. F., Dreber, A., Forsell, E., Ho, T.-H., Huber, J., Johannesson, M., Kirchler, M., Almenberg, J., Altmejd, A., Chan, T., Heikensten, E., Holzmeister, F., Imai, T., Isaksson, S., Nave, G., Pfeiffer, T., Razen, M., & Wu, H. (2016). Evaluating replicability of laboratory experiments in economics. Science, 351(6280), 1433-1436. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf0918
  • Center for Open Science. (2020). Preregistration. https://www.cos.io/initiatives/prereg
  • Chambers, C. (2017). The Seven Deadly Sins of Psychology. Princeton University Press; JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc779w5
  • Chládková, K., & Šimáčková, Š. (2021). Distributional Learning of Speech Sounds: An Exploratory Study Into the Effects of Prior Language Experience. Language Learning, 71(1), 131-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12432
  • Christensen, G., Freese, J., & Miguel, E. (2019). Transparent and Reproducible Social Science Research (1. bs). University of California Press; JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvpb3xkg
  • Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round (p < .05). American Psychologist, 49(12), 997-1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.49.12.997
  • Coretta, S. (2020). Open Science in phonetics and phonology [Preprint]. Open Science Framework. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/4dz5t
  • Crüwell, S. (2019). Seven easy steps to open science: An annotated reading list. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 227(4), 237-248. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000387
  • Devezer, B., Navarro, D. J., Vandekerckhove, J., & Ozge Buzbas, E. (2021). The case for formal methodology in scientific reform. Royal Society Open Science, 8(3), 200805. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200805
  • Dirnagl, U. (2020). Preregistration of exploratory research: Learning from the golden age of discovery. PLOS Biology, 18(3), e3000690. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000690
  • Ferguson, C. J., & Heene, M. (2012). A Vast Graveyard of Undead Theories: Publication Bias and Psychological Science’s Aversion to the Null. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(6), 555-561. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612459059
  • Franco, A., Malhotra, N., & Simonovits, G. (2014). Publication bias in the social sciences: Unlocking the file drawer. Science, 345(6203), 1502-1505. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1255484
  • Haven, T., & Van Grootel, Dr. L. (2019). Preregistering qualitative research. Accountability in Research, 26(3), 229-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2019.1580147
  • Havron, N., Bergmann, C., & Tsuji, S. (2020). Preregistration in infant research—A primer. Infancy, 25(5), 734-754. https://doi.org/10.1111/infa.12353
  • Hoekstra, R., & Vazire, S. (2020). Hoekstra &amp; Vazire (2020), Intellectual humility is central to science [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/edh2s
  • Hui, B., & Huntley, E. (2020). Embracing Open Science in Applied Linguistics: Graduate Students’ Perspectives [Preprint]. Open Science Framework. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/vmtza
  • Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2005). Why Most Published Research Findings Are False. PLoS Medicine, 2(8), e124. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124
  • John, L. K., Loewenstein, G., & Prelec, D. (2012). Measuring the Prevalence of Questionable Research Practices With Incentives for Truth Telling. Psychological Science, 23(5), 524-532. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611430953
  • Kathawalla, U. K., Silverstein, P., & Syed, M. (2021). Easing Into Open Science: A Guide for Graduate Students and Their Advisors. Collabra: Psychology, 7(18684). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.18684
  • Kerr, N. L. (1998). HARKing: Hypothesizing After the Results are Known: Personality and Social Psychology Review. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0203_4
  • Klein, R. A., Ratliff, K. A., Vianello, M., Adams, R. B., Bahník, Š., Bernstein, M. J., Bocian, K., Brandt, M. J., Brooks, B., Brumbaugh, C. C., Cemalcilar, Z., Chandler, J., Cheong, W., Davis, W. E., Devos, T., Eisner, M., Frankowska, N., Furrow, D., Galliani, E. M., … Nosek, B. A. (2014). Investigating Variation in Replicability: A “Many Labs” Replication Project. Social Psychology, 45(3), 142-152. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000178
  • Lindsay, D. S., Simons, D. J., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2016). Research Preregistration 101. APS Observer, 29(10). https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/research-preregistration-101
  • Marsden, E., Morgan-Short, K., Thompson, S., & Abugaber, D. (2018). Replication in Second Language Research: Narrative and Systematic Reviews and Recommendations for the Field: Replication in Second Language Research. Language Learning, 68(2), 321-391. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12286
  • Marsden, E., Thompson, S., & Plonsky, L. (2017). Open science in second language acquisition research: The IRIS repository of research materials and data. SHS Web of Conferences, 38, 00013. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20173800013
  • Marsden, E., Mackey, A., & Plonsky, L. (2016). The IRIS Repository: Advancing research practice and methodology. Içinde Advancing Methodology and Practice: The IRIS Repository of Instruments for Research into Second Languages (ss. 1-21). Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Advancing-Methodology-and-Practice-The-IRIS-Repository-of-Instruments-for/Mackey-Marsden/p/book/9780415833646
  • Mertzen, D., Lago, S., & Vasishth, S. (2021). The benefits of preregistration for hypothesis-driven bilingualism research. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728921000031
  • Miguel, E., Camerer, C., Casey, K., Cohen, J., Esterling, K. M., Gerber, A., Glennerster, R., Green, D. P., Humphreys, M., Imbens, G., Laitin, D., Madon, T., Nelson, L., Nosek, B. A., Petersen, M., Sedlmayr, R., Simmons, J. P., Simonsohn, U., & Van der Laan, M. (2014). Promoting Transparency in Social Science Research. Science, 343(6166), 30-31. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1245317
  • Moshontz, H., Binion, G. E., Walton, H., Brown, B. T., & Syed, M. (2020). A Guide to Posting and Managing Preprints [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dp4x9
  • Mudrak, B. (2020, February). What are Preprints, and How Do They Benefit Authors?. AJE. https://www.aje.com/arc/benefits-of-preprints-for-researchers/
  • Munafò, M., & Neill, J. (2016). Null is beautiful: On the importance of publishing null results. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30(7), 585-585. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116638813
  • Nosek, B. A., Ebersole, C. R., DeHaven, A. C., & Mellor, D. T. (2018). The preregistration revolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(11), 2600-2606. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708274114
  • Olsson-Collentine, A., van Assen, M. A. L. M., & Hartgerink, C. H. J. (2019). The Prevalence of Marginally Significant Results in Psychology Over Time. Psychological Science, 30(4), 576-586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619830326
  • Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), aac4716-aac4716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716
  • Roettger, T. (2021). Preregistration in experimental linguistics: Applications, challenges, and limitations. Linguistics, 0(0), 000010151520190048. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0048
  • Roettger, T. , & Baer-Henney, D. (2018). Toward a replication culture: Speech production research in the classroom. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/q9t7c
  • Roettger, T., Winter, B., & Baayen, H. (2019). Emergent data analysis in phonetic sciences: Towards pluralism and reproducibility. Journal of Phonetics, 73, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2018.12.001
  • Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 638-641. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638
  • Schönbrodt, F. (2019). Training students for the Open Science future. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(10), 1031-1031. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0726-z
  • Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-Positive Psychology: Undisclosed Flexibility in Data Collection and Analysis Allows Presenting Anything as Significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359-1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417632
  • Simonsohn, U., Nelson, L. D., & Simmons, J. P. (2013). P-Curve: A Key to the File Drawer (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2256237). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2256237
  • Spellman, B. A., Gilbert, E. A., & Corker, K. S. (2018). Open Science. İçinde Stevens’ Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience (ss. 1-47). American Cancer Society. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119170174.epcn519
  • Szollosi, A., Kellen, D., Navarro, D. J., Shiffrin, R., Rooij, I. van, Zandt, T. V., & Donkin, C. (2020). Is Preregistration Worthwhile? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(2), 94-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.11.009
  • The Retraction Watch Leaderboard. (2015, Haziran 16). Retraction Watch. https://retractionwatch.com/the-retraction-watch-leaderboard/
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Language Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Esra Ataman 0000-0003-2359-6620

Ozan Can Çağlar 0000-0002-4824-3832

Bilal Kırkıcı 0000-0002-6423-7774

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021Volume: 32 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ataman, E., Çağlar, O. C., & Kırkıcı, B. (2021). Dilbilim Araştırmalarında Açık Bilim. Dilbilim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 32(2), 149-175. https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.936072

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Journal DOI: 10.18492/dad