Research Article
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Sayısal İfadelerin Minimalist İncelemesi

Year 2022, Volume: 33 Issue: 2, 111 - 144, 31.12.2022

Tacettin Turgay

https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1016340

Abstract

Sayısal ifadeler, kütle ve hacim belirtme, derecelendirme, sıralama, sayma ve aritmetik işlem yapma gibi çeşitli süreçlerin ifade edilmesinde etkin bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu durum sayısalların dilbilimsel doğasına, özelikle de anlambilimsel olarak ne ifade ettiklerine ve biçimbilim-sözdizim modülünde nasıl türetildiklerine ilişkin bir dizi soruyu gündeme getirmektedir. Ancak, sayısalların anlamı üzerine çok sayıda kuram öne sürülmüş olsa da sözdizim tarafındaki çalışmalar nitelik ve nicelik bakımından oldukça yetersizdir. Bunun yanında, sözdizim alanında yapılan çalışmaların çoğu Yönetim ve Bağlama döneminden kalma olup bu dönemde varılan sonuçların günümüz çalışmalarına yön veren Minimalizm çerçevesinde yeniden ele alınması gerekmektedir. Sayısalların sözdizimsel yapısını Minimalist çerçevede yeniden ele almayı amaçlayan bu çalışmada, bunların sayı bildiren n tipinde varlıklar olup iki farklı özden türetildiği öne sürülmektedir: n tipinde doymuş RAKAMLAR ile tipinde doymamış TABANLAR. Bunlardan ilki basit, ikincisi ise karmaşık sayısalların türetiminde rol almaktadır. Bu yaklaşım ile, hem sayısalların dağılım ve yorumunu etkileyen kısıtlamaların hem de olası bazı türetimlerin dünya dillerinde şimdiye dek gözlemlenememe nedenlerinin ilkeler bazında açıklığa kavuşturulabileceği gösterilmektedir.

Keywords

sayısal rakam taban paketleme stratejisi öbek yapısı kuralları

References

  • Amaechi, M. C. (2014). The syntax of Po Tangle numerals. Journal of Universal Language, 15(2), 35-54.
  • Aronoff, M. & Anshen, F. (2001). Morphology and the lexicon: Lexicalization and productivity. In: Spencer, A. & Zwicky, A. M. (Eds.), The handbook of morphology (Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics) (pp. 237-247). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
  • Barwise, J. & Cooper, R. (1981). Generalized quantifiers and natural language. Linguistics and Philosophy, 4(2), 159-219.
  • Bauer, L. (2004). Adjectives, compounds and words. Nordic Journal of English Studies, 3(1), 7-22.
  • Bennett, M. R. (1974). Some extensions of a Montague fragment of English. (Doctoral dissertation). UCLA.
  • Booij, G. (2009). Constructions and lexical units: An analysis of Dutch numerals. Linguistische Bericht, 19, 1-14.
  • Bybee, J. (2007). Frequency of use and the organization of language. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Carpenter, B. (1998). Type-logical semantics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Chomsky, N. (1993). A minimalist program for linguistic theory. In K. Hale, & S. J. Keyser (Eds.), The view from building 20: Essays in linguistics in honor of Sylvain Bromberger (pp. 1-52). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Chomsky, N. (1995). The minimalist program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Chomsky, N. (2000). Minimalist inquiries: The framework. In R. Martin, & D. Michaels, & J. Uriagereka, & S. J. Keyser (Eds). Step by Step: Essays on Minimalist Syntax in honor of Howard Lasnik (pp. 89-155). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Chomsky, N. (2001). Derivation by phase. In M. Kenstowicz (Ed.). Ken Hale: A life in language (pp. 1-52). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Erdal, M. (2004). A grammar of Old Turkic. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
  • Göksel, A., & Kerslake, C. (2005). Turkish: A comprehensive grammar. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Fernández-Domínguez, J. (2010). Productivity vs. lexicon: Frequency-based hypotheses on word-formation. Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 46(2), 193-219.
  • Hurford, J. R. (1975). The linguistic theory of numerals. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hurford, J. R. (1987). Language and number: the emergence of a cognitive system. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
  • Hurford, J. R. (2007). A performed practice explains a linguistic universal: Counting gives the Packing Strategy. Lingua, 117, 773-783.
  • Ionin, T., & Matushansky, O. (2006). The composition of complex cardinals. Journal of Semantics, 23, 315-360.
  • Ionin, T. & Matushansky, O. (2019). Cardinals: The syntax and semantics of cardinal- containing expressions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Jackendoff, R. S. (2008). Construction after construction and its theoretical challenges. Language, 84(1), 8-28.
  • Jackendoff, R. S. (2011). What is the human language faculty? Two views. Language, 87(3), 586-624.
  • Kaymaz, Z. (2002). Türklerde sayı sistemleri [Number systems of Turks]. In H. C. Güzel, K. Çiçek, & S. Koca (Eds.), Türkler [Turks] (Vol. 3, pp. 749-767). Ankara, Turkey: Yeni Türkiye Yayınları.
  • Kornfilt, J. (1997). Turkish. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Koşaner, Ö. (2016). Numerals in Turkish. Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 6, 131-147.
  • Krifka, M. (1995). Common nouns: A contrastive analysis of English and Chinese. In G. N. Carlson, & F. J. Pelletier (Eds.), The generic book (pp. 398-411). Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
  • Landman, F. (2003). Predicate-argument mismatches and the adjectival theory of indefinites. In M. Coene & Y. D’hulst (Eds.), From NP to DP, vol. 1, The syntax and semantics of noun phrases (pp. 211-237). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Landman, F. (2004). Indefiniteness and the type of sets. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
  • Lewis, G. L. (1967). Turkish grammar. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Link, G. (1987). Generalized quantifiers and plurals. In: Gärdenfors, P. (ed.) Generalized quantifiers. Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, vol 31. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Montague, R. (1974). Formal philosophy: Selected papers of Richard Montague. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Partee, B. H. (1987). Noun phrase interpretation and type shifting principles. In J. Groenendijk, D. de Jong & M. Stokhof (Eds.), Studies in discourse representation theories and the theory of generalized quantifiers (pp. 115-144). Dordrecht: Foris.
  • Rothstein, S. (2011). Counting, measuring, and the semantics of classifiers. The Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication, 6, 1-42.
  • Rothstein, S. (2017). Semantics for counting and measuring. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sağ, Y. (2019). The Semantics of number marking: Reference to kinds, counting, and optional classifiers. (Doctoral dissertation). Rutgers University.
  • Scontras, G. C. (2014). The semantics of measurement. (Doctoral dissertation). Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
  • Tatsumi, Y. (2021). The architecture of complex cardinals in relation to numeral classifiers. In M. Dočekal & M. Wągiel (Eds.), Formal approaches to number in Slavic and beyond (323–346). Berlin: Language Science Press.
  • Turgay, T. (2020). Classifier constructions of Turkish. (Doctoral dissertation). Boğaziçi University, Turkey.
  • van der Does, J. (1993). Sums and quantifiers. Linguistics and Philosophy, 16, 509-550.
  • Verkuyl, H. (1993). A theory of aspectuality: The interaction between temporal and atemporal structure. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

A Minimalist Account of Numerals

Year 2022, Volume: 33 Issue: 2, 111 - 144, 31.12.2022

Tacettin Turgay

https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1016340

Abstract

Numerals participate in the expression of a wide range of operations, including mass, volume, degree, ordering, counting, and arithmetic calculations. This raises the questions of what they denote semantically and how they are derived morpho-syntactically. Although a number of theories have been advanced regarding their semantics, studies on the syntactic side are rather scarce. Further, the syntactic accounts of numerals date back to GB period, calling for a reinterpretation of their conclusions under Minimalist considerations. This study attempts to develop a syntactic account of numerals under Minimalist desiderata. It is proposed that numerals are number-denoting type n objects, derived from two primitives: saturated DIGITs of type n, and unsaturated BASEs of type , instrumental in the derivation of simplex and complex numerals, respectively. This view is demonstrated to account for a wide range of distributional and interpretive possibilities of numerals as well as provide principled reasons for why some plausible forms are consistently unattested across languages.

Keywords

numerals digit base pakcaging strategy phrase structure rules

References

  • Amaechi, M. C. (2014). The syntax of Po Tangle numerals. Journal of Universal Language, 15(2), 35-54.
  • Aronoff, M. & Anshen, F. (2001). Morphology and the lexicon: Lexicalization and productivity. In: Spencer, A. & Zwicky, A. M. (Eds.), The handbook of morphology (Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics) (pp. 237-247). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
  • Barwise, J. & Cooper, R. (1981). Generalized quantifiers and natural language. Linguistics and Philosophy, 4(2), 159-219.
  • Bauer, L. (2004). Adjectives, compounds and words. Nordic Journal of English Studies, 3(1), 7-22.
  • Bennett, M. R. (1974). Some extensions of a Montague fragment of English. (Doctoral dissertation). UCLA.
  • Booij, G. (2009). Constructions and lexical units: An analysis of Dutch numerals. Linguistische Bericht, 19, 1-14.
  • Bybee, J. (2007). Frequency of use and the organization of language. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Carpenter, B. (1998). Type-logical semantics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Chomsky, N. (1993). A minimalist program for linguistic theory. In K. Hale, & S. J. Keyser (Eds.), The view from building 20: Essays in linguistics in honor of Sylvain Bromberger (pp. 1-52). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Chomsky, N. (1995). The minimalist program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Chomsky, N. (2000). Minimalist inquiries: The framework. In R. Martin, & D. Michaels, & J. Uriagereka, & S. J. Keyser (Eds). Step by Step: Essays on Minimalist Syntax in honor of Howard Lasnik (pp. 89-155). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Chomsky, N. (2001). Derivation by phase. In M. Kenstowicz (Ed.). Ken Hale: A life in language (pp. 1-52). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Erdal, M. (2004). A grammar of Old Turkic. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
  • Göksel, A., & Kerslake, C. (2005). Turkish: A comprehensive grammar. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Fernández-Domínguez, J. (2010). Productivity vs. lexicon: Frequency-based hypotheses on word-formation. Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 46(2), 193-219.
  • Hurford, J. R. (1975). The linguistic theory of numerals. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hurford, J. R. (1987). Language and number: the emergence of a cognitive system. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
  • Hurford, J. R. (2007). A performed practice explains a linguistic universal: Counting gives the Packing Strategy. Lingua, 117, 773-783.
  • Ionin, T., & Matushansky, O. (2006). The composition of complex cardinals. Journal of Semantics, 23, 315-360.
  • Ionin, T. & Matushansky, O. (2019). Cardinals: The syntax and semantics of cardinal- containing expressions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Jackendoff, R. S. (2008). Construction after construction and its theoretical challenges. Language, 84(1), 8-28.
  • Jackendoff, R. S. (2011). What is the human language faculty? Two views. Language, 87(3), 586-624.
  • Kaymaz, Z. (2002). Türklerde sayı sistemleri [Number systems of Turks]. In H. C. Güzel, K. Çiçek, & S. Koca (Eds.), Türkler [Turks] (Vol. 3, pp. 749-767). Ankara, Turkey: Yeni Türkiye Yayınları.
  • Kornfilt, J. (1997). Turkish. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Koşaner, Ö. (2016). Numerals in Turkish. Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 6, 131-147.
  • Krifka, M. (1995). Common nouns: A contrastive analysis of English and Chinese. In G. N. Carlson, & F. J. Pelletier (Eds.), The generic book (pp. 398-411). Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
  • Landman, F. (2003). Predicate-argument mismatches and the adjectival theory of indefinites. In M. Coene & Y. D’hulst (Eds.), From NP to DP, vol. 1, The syntax and semantics of noun phrases (pp. 211-237). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Landman, F. (2004). Indefiniteness and the type of sets. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
  • Lewis, G. L. (1967). Turkish grammar. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Link, G. (1987). Generalized quantifiers and plurals. In: Gärdenfors, P. (ed.) Generalized quantifiers. Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, vol 31. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Montague, R. (1974). Formal philosophy: Selected papers of Richard Montague. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Partee, B. H. (1987). Noun phrase interpretation and type shifting principles. In J. Groenendijk, D. de Jong & M. Stokhof (Eds.), Studies in discourse representation theories and the theory of generalized quantifiers (pp. 115-144). Dordrecht: Foris.
  • Rothstein, S. (2011). Counting, measuring, and the semantics of classifiers. The Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication, 6, 1-42.
  • Rothstein, S. (2017). Semantics for counting and measuring. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sağ, Y. (2019). The Semantics of number marking: Reference to kinds, counting, and optional classifiers. (Doctoral dissertation). Rutgers University.
  • Scontras, G. C. (2014). The semantics of measurement. (Doctoral dissertation). Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
  • Tatsumi, Y. (2021). The architecture of complex cardinals in relation to numeral classifiers. In M. Dočekal & M. Wągiel (Eds.), Formal approaches to number in Slavic and beyond (323–346). Berlin: Language Science Press.
  • Turgay, T. (2020). Classifier constructions of Turkish. (Doctoral dissertation). Boğaziçi University, Turkey.
  • van der Does, J. (1993). Sums and quantifiers. Linguistics and Philosophy, 16, 509-550.
  • Verkuyl, H. (1993). A theory of aspectuality: The interaction between temporal and atemporal structure. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Linguistics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Tacettin Turgay 0000-0002-2587-6928

Publication Date December 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022Volume: 33 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Turgay, T. (2022). A Minimalist Account of Numerals. Dilbilim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 33(2), 111-144. https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1016340

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Journal DOI: 10.18492/dad