Research Article
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The Standpoints Framing Syrians as the ‘Other’ on Twitter and the Arguments Defending these Standpoints

Year 2022, Volume: 33 Issue: 2, 281 - 304, 31.12.2022

Emel Kökpınar Kaya Emre Yağlı Yeliz Demir

https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1119978
Cited By: 1

Abstract

This study aims to set forth how Syrians in Turkey are framed as ‘other’ during some social events discussed in Twitter platform. As a theoretical framework, the study adopts Discourse-Historical Approach, which critically evaluates the exploitation of discourse by power groups in such a way as to distance a particular social group. Framing Syrians as ‘the other’ is studied from an argumentative perspective, based on the standpoints raised by the Twitter users and the arguments they use to defend these standpoints. Accordingly, argumentative analysis is achieved by implementing the reconstructive methodology offered by Pragma-Dialectics and evaluated based on the Discourse-Historical Approach. On analysing 186 tweets, 18 negative labels and standpoints were detected, corresponding to 15 different themes. As a case in point, the most frequently used label ‘privileged’ is exemplified, along with the standpoint ‘The privileges that are not given to the Turkish people are awarded to the Syrians’, and its supporting arguments.

Keywords

Syrians other Discourse-Historical Approach pragma-dialectal reconstruction

References

  • Eroğlu, E.C., & Taşkıran, R. (2002). Sığınma hakkı ve mültecilerin durumu. Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, 14(1), 105-128. Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis. Addison Wesley.
  • Fairclough, N., & Wodak, R. (1997). Critical discourse analysis. T. van Dijk (Yay. haz.), Discourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction içinde (Vol. 2, ss. 258-284). Sage.
  • Gentry, J. (2015). Package ‘twitteR’ (Version 1.1.9) [R Paketi]. URL: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/twitteR/twitteR.pdf
  • Güler, K. (2019). Discursive construction of an anti-immigration Europe by the right-wing political groups in the European Parliament. Marmara Journal of European Studies, 27(2), 347-368.
  • KhosraviNik, M. (2010). The representation of refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants in British newspapers: A critical discourse analysis. Journal of Language and Politics, 9(1), 1-28.
  • Kress, G., & Hodge, R. (1979). Language as ideology. Routledge & Kogan Paul.
  • Krzyżanowski, M. (2010). The Discursive Construction of European Identities: A Multi-level Approach to Discourse and Identity in the Transforming European Union. Peter Lang.
  • Mültecilerin hukuki statüsüne ilişkin sözleşme. Erişim adresi: https://www.multeci.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/1951-Cenevre-Sozlesmesi-1.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 13.03.2022
  • Onay-Coker, D. (2019). The representation of Syrian refugees in Turkey: a critical discourse analysis of three newspapers. Continuum, 33(3), 369–385.
  • O’Regan, V., & Rirordan E. (2018). Comparing the representation of refugees, asylum seekers and migrants in the Irish and UK press. Journal of Language and Politics, 17(6), 744-768.
  • R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. URL: https://www.R-project.org/
  • Reisigl, M., & and Wodak, R. (2001). Discourse and discrimination: Rhetorics of racism and antisemitism. Routledge.
  • Reisigl, M., & and Wodak, R. (2009). The Discourse-Historical Approach. R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Yay. haz.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis içinde (ss. 87-121) Sage.
  • Sunata, U., Çelik, E. N., & Yıldız, M. N. (2017). İstanbul’daki orta sınıf Suriyeli sığınmacıların göç deneyimleri. Journal of International Social Research 10(53), 527-534.
  • Sunata, U., & Yıldız, E. (2018). Representation of Syrian refugees in the Turkish media. Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies, 7(1), 129-151.
  • UNHCR. BMMYK bir mülteci ve ekonomik göçmeni nasıl ayırt etmektedir? Erişim adresi: https://www.unhcr.org/tr/11086-bmmyk-bir-multeci-ve-ekonomik-gocmeni-nasil-ayirt-etmektedir.html, Son erişim tarihi: 13 Mart 2022.
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (1995). The mass media today: Discourses of domination or diversity? Journal of the European Institute for Communication and Culture, 2(2), 27- 45.
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology. Sage.
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (2001). Critical Discourse Analysis. D. Tannen, F. H. van Eemeren, R. Grootendorst (Yay. haz.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis içinde (ss. 352-371). Blackwell.
  • Van Eemeren, F. H. & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A Systematic theory of argumentation: The pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge University Press.
  • Van Eemeren, F. H., Grootendorst, R., & Snoeck Henkemans, A. F. (2002). Argumentation: Analysis, evaluation, presentation. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity R. Wodak, R. de Cillia, M. Reisigl, & K. Liebhart (Yay. haz.), The discursive construction of national identity içinde (ss. 7-48). Edinburgh University Press.
  • Wodak, R. de Cillia, R., Reisigl, M. & Liebhart, K. (1999/2009). The discursive construction of national Iidentity. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Wodak, R. (2001). The Discourse-historical approach. R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Yay. haz.), Methods of critical discourse analysis içinde, (ss. 63-93). Sage.
  • Wodak, R. (2009). The Semiotics of racism: A critical discourse-historical analysis. J. Renkema (Yay. haz.), Discourse, of course: An overview of research in discourse studies içinde (ss. 311-326). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Wodak, R. (Ed.). (2013). Critical discourse analysis. Sage.
  • Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (2001). Methods of critical discourse analysis. Sage Publications.
  • Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu. Erişim adresi: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.6458.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 13.03.2022
  • Yetkiner, N. K. (2021). A Critical Discourse Analysis Approach to Othering: Depiction of the Syrian Refugee Experience in Turkish Children’s Literature. Sic, 11(2), 0-0.
  • 5543 Sayılı İskan Kanunu. Erişim adresi: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2006/09/20060926-1.htm#:~:text=d)%20G%C3%B6%C3%A7men%20%3A%20T%C3%BCrk%20soyundan%20ve,bu%20Kanun%20gere%C4%9Fince%20kabul%20olunanlard%C4%B1r. Erişim tarihi: 13.03.2022

Twitter’da Suriyelileri ‘Öteki’ Olarak Çerçeveleyen Bakış Açıları ve Bunları Destekleyen Savlar

Year 2022, Volume: 33 Issue: 2, 281 - 304, 31.12.2022

Emel Kökpınar Kaya Emre Yağlı Yeliz Demir

https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1119978
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de bulunan Suriyelilerin çeşitli toplumsal olaylar üzerinden Twitter düzleminde nasıl ‘öteki’ olarak çerçevelendiklerini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın kuramsal alt yapısını, söylemin güç odakları tarafından kullanılarak belirli bir toplumsal kesimin ötekileştirilmesine karşı eleştirel tutum takınan Söylem-Tarihsel Yaklaşım oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Suriyelilerin ‘öteki’ olarak çerçevelenmesi, Twitter kullanıcılarının savundukları bakış açıları ve bunları destekleyen savlar üzerinden çalışılmaktadır. Buna uygun olarak, savlama çözümlemesi, Edimsel-Eytişimsel Yaklaşımın yeniden yapılandırma yönteminden yararlanarak ortaya konulmakta ve Söylem-Tarihsel Yaklaşım açısından yorumlanmaktadır. 186 Twitter gönderisinin incelendiği çalışmanın sonucunda, Suriyelilerin 15 ayrı konu bağlamında gösterildikleri ve bunlara paralel 18 olumsuz etiketleme ve olumsuz bakış açısı ile temsil edildikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Örnek durum incelemesi olarak, en yaygın görülen olumsuz etiketleme biçimi olan ‘ayrıcalıklı’ etiketi ile bunu ifade eden ‘Türkiye vatandaşlarına verilmeyen ayrıcalıklar Suriyelilere veriliyor’ olumsuz bakış açısı ve bu bakış açısını desteklemekte kullanılan savlar ele alınmıştır.

Keywords

Suriyeliler öteki Eleştirel Söylem Çözümlemesi edimsel-eytişimsel yeniden yapılandırma

References

  • Eroğlu, E.C., & Taşkıran, R. (2002). Sığınma hakkı ve mültecilerin durumu. Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, 14(1), 105-128. Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical discourse analysis. Addison Wesley.
  • Fairclough, N., & Wodak, R. (1997). Critical discourse analysis. T. van Dijk (Yay. haz.), Discourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction içinde (Vol. 2, ss. 258-284). Sage.
  • Gentry, J. (2015). Package ‘twitteR’ (Version 1.1.9) [R Paketi]. URL: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/twitteR/twitteR.pdf
  • Güler, K. (2019). Discursive construction of an anti-immigration Europe by the right-wing political groups in the European Parliament. Marmara Journal of European Studies, 27(2), 347-368.
  • KhosraviNik, M. (2010). The representation of refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants in British newspapers: A critical discourse analysis. Journal of Language and Politics, 9(1), 1-28.
  • Kress, G., & Hodge, R. (1979). Language as ideology. Routledge & Kogan Paul.
  • Krzyżanowski, M. (2010). The Discursive Construction of European Identities: A Multi-level Approach to Discourse and Identity in the Transforming European Union. Peter Lang.
  • Mültecilerin hukuki statüsüne ilişkin sözleşme. Erişim adresi: https://www.multeci.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/1951-Cenevre-Sozlesmesi-1.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 13.03.2022
  • Onay-Coker, D. (2019). The representation of Syrian refugees in Turkey: a critical discourse analysis of three newspapers. Continuum, 33(3), 369–385.
  • O’Regan, V., & Rirordan E. (2018). Comparing the representation of refugees, asylum seekers and migrants in the Irish and UK press. Journal of Language and Politics, 17(6), 744-768.
  • R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. URL: https://www.R-project.org/
  • Reisigl, M., & and Wodak, R. (2001). Discourse and discrimination: Rhetorics of racism and antisemitism. Routledge.
  • Reisigl, M., & and Wodak, R. (2009). The Discourse-Historical Approach. R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Yay. haz.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis içinde (ss. 87-121) Sage.
  • Sunata, U., Çelik, E. N., & Yıldız, M. N. (2017). İstanbul’daki orta sınıf Suriyeli sığınmacıların göç deneyimleri. Journal of International Social Research 10(53), 527-534.
  • Sunata, U., & Yıldız, E. (2018). Representation of Syrian refugees in the Turkish media. Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies, 7(1), 129-151.
  • UNHCR. BMMYK bir mülteci ve ekonomik göçmeni nasıl ayırt etmektedir? Erişim adresi: https://www.unhcr.org/tr/11086-bmmyk-bir-multeci-ve-ekonomik-gocmeni-nasil-ayirt-etmektedir.html, Son erişim tarihi: 13 Mart 2022.
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (1995). The mass media today: Discourses of domination or diversity? Journal of the European Institute for Communication and Culture, 2(2), 27- 45.
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology. Sage.
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (2001). Critical Discourse Analysis. D. Tannen, F. H. van Eemeren, R. Grootendorst (Yay. haz.), Handbook of Discourse Analysis içinde (ss. 352-371). Blackwell.
  • Van Eemeren, F. H. & Grootendorst, R. (2004). A Systematic theory of argumentation: The pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge University Press.
  • Van Eemeren, F. H., Grootendorst, R., & Snoeck Henkemans, A. F. (2002). Argumentation: Analysis, evaluation, presentation. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity R. Wodak, R. de Cillia, M. Reisigl, & K. Liebhart (Yay. haz.), The discursive construction of national identity içinde (ss. 7-48). Edinburgh University Press.
  • Wodak, R. de Cillia, R., Reisigl, M. & Liebhart, K. (1999/2009). The discursive construction of national Iidentity. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Wodak, R. (2001). The Discourse-historical approach. R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Yay. haz.), Methods of critical discourse analysis içinde, (ss. 63-93). Sage.
  • Wodak, R. (2009). The Semiotics of racism: A critical discourse-historical analysis. J. Renkema (Yay. haz.), Discourse, of course: An overview of research in discourse studies içinde (ss. 311-326). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Wodak, R. (Ed.). (2013). Critical discourse analysis. Sage.
  • Wodak, R., & Meyer, M. (2001). Methods of critical discourse analysis. Sage Publications.
  • Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu. Erişim adresi: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.6458.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 13.03.2022
  • Yetkiner, N. K. (2021). A Critical Discourse Analysis Approach to Othering: Depiction of the Syrian Refugee Experience in Turkish Children’s Literature. Sic, 11(2), 0-0.
  • 5543 Sayılı İskan Kanunu. Erişim adresi: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2006/09/20060926-1.htm#:~:text=d)%20G%C3%B6%C3%A7men%20%3A%20T%C3%BCrk%20soyundan%20ve,bu%20Kanun%20gere%C4%9Fince%20kabul%20olunanlard%C4%B1r. Erişim tarihi: 13.03.2022
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Linguistics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Emel Kökpınar Kaya 0000-0001-5319-6527

Emre Yağlı 0000-0002-1044-9018

Yeliz Demir 0000-0001-9306-0376

Publication Date December 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022Volume: 33 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kökpınar Kaya, E., Yağlı, E., & Demir, Y. (2022). Twitter’da Suriyelileri ‘Öteki’ Olarak Çerçeveleyen Bakış Açıları ve Bunları Destekleyen Savlar. Dilbilim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 33(2), 281-304. https://doi.org/10.18492/dad.1119978

Cited By

‘I wouldn't wish her on my worst enemy’: Discursive representation of women managers in a collaborative hypertext dictionary in Turkey
Women's Studies International Forum
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2023.102749

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Journal DOI: 10.18492/dad