Öz
This study aims at describing the meaning extensions and functions of the object-oriented see type verbs ‘görünmek’ and ‘gözükmek’ in Turkish in terms of the evidential status and epistemic stance they encode. The observations of this research are based on corpora obtained from Turkish National Corpus.The results indicate that görün- and gözük- share some common features in terms of their functions in discourse. They are both used evidentially with indirect evidence. TNC corpus in general shows that görün- in Turkish presents a dichotomous structure from subjective to intersubjective forms. The subjective forms ‘görün-, gibi görün’ have the highest usage of the objective personal pronoun ‘bana’ and the possessive form ‘gözüme’ indicating the involvement of the speakers/writers to the situation presented. When speakers/writers present their utterances in intersubjective point of view, they prefer the parenthetical forms such as ‘görünen o ki’ without any objective personal pronouns involved. This suggests that speakers/writers do not take the responsibility of the truthiness of their utterances in intersubjective mode.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Visual perception Verbs Turkish epistemic stance Certainty Evidentiality
Destekleyen Kurum
Humboldt Stiftung
Kaynakça
- Aijmer, K. (2009). Seem and evidentiality.. Functions of Language. 16 (1) s. 63-88.
- Aikhenvald, Alexandra (2004) Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Boye, K. (2012). Epistemic meaning: A crosslinguistic and functional-cognitive study. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- De Haan, F. (1999) Evidentiality and epistemic modality: Setting boundaries. Southwest Journal of Linguistics 18: 83-101.
- -------------------------(2007). ‘Raising as grammaticalization: the case of Germanic Seem verbs’. Rivista di Linguistica 19.1. pp 129-150.
- Diewald, G. and E. Smirnova. (2010). Linguistic realization of evidentiality in European Languages. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter. Gisborne, N. (2010). The event structure of perception verbs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Erdal, M. (1991). Old Turkic Word Formation: A Functional Approach to the Lexicon, I-II. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
- Grossmann, F. & A. Tutin. 2010. Evidential markers in French scientific writing: The case of the French verb voir. Linguistic realization of evidentiality in European languages. Gabriele Diewald & Elena Smirnova, eds. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 279-308.
- Nakamura, F. (2010). Uncovering of rare or unknown usages: a history of seem meaning to pretend. In M. Kytö (Ed.), Language change and variation from Old English to Late Modern English: A festschrift for Minoji Akimoto (pp. 217-238). Berne: Peter Lang.
- Nuyts, J. (2001). Epistemic modality, language, and conceptualization: A cognitive–pragmatic perspective (Vol. 5). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing Company.
- Palmer, F. (2001) Mood and Modality. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Papafragou, A. (2000). Modality: Issues in the Semantics-Pragmatics Interface. Oxford: Elsevier Science.
- Picoche, J. (1986). Structures sémantiques du lexique français. Paris
- Plungian, V., A. (2011). Types of verbal evidentiality marking: an overview. In Linguistic Realization of Evidentiality in European Languages, ed. by Diewald, Gabriele and Elena Smirnova, 15-58. Berlin - New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Renata, E. (2012). Les modalités de perception visuelle et auditive : Différences conceptuelles et répercussions sémantico-syntaxiques en espagnol et en français. Berlin-New-york: Walter de Gruyter.
- Rubin, V. L., Kando, N., & Liddy, E. D. (2004). Certainty categorization model. In Paper presented at the AAAI spring symposium: Exploring attitude and affect in text: Theories and applications, Stanford, CA.
- Rubin, V. L. (2006). Identifying certainty in texts. Doctoral thesis. Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY.
- Traugott, E. C. (1995) Subjectification in grammaticalisation. In: Dieter Stein and Susan Wright (eds.), Subjectivity and Subjectivisation: Linguistic Perspectives, 31–54. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Traugott, E. and Dasher, R.B. (2002). Regularity in semantic change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Traugott, E.C. (2010). Revisiting subjectification and intersubjectification. In Subjectification, Intersubjectification and Grammaticalization, ed. by Kristin Davidse, Lieven Vandelanotte, and Hubert Cuyckens, 29-70. Berlin – New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Sweetser, E. E. (1990). From Etymology to Pragmatics: Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure Whitt, R.J. (2010). Evidentiality and perception verbs in English and German. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Verlag.
- Willett, T. (1988). A cross-linguistic survey of the grammaticalization of evidentiality. Studies in Language 12(1): 51–97.
- Whitt, R.J. (2010). Evidentiality and perception verbs in English and German. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Verlag.
- Viberg, A., 1983. The verbs of perception: a typological study. Linguistics 21 (1), 123–162.
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkçede nesne algı eylemleri olan görün- ve gözük- ‘ün anlamsal genişlemelerini ve söylemdeki işlevlerini bilgi kaynağına karşı olan tutumları ve kanıtsallık açısından betimlemektir. Çalışmanın bulguları Türkçe Ulusal Derlem’e dayanmaktadır. Çalışmanın sonuçları her iki eylemin de benzer anlamsal genişlemeler ve söylem işlevleri taşıdıklarını ancak görünmek eyleminin daha çok tercih edilen biçim olduğunu göstermektedir. Kanıtsallık açısından, her iki eylemin de dolaylı kanıta dayalı önermeler için kullanıldığı gözlenmektedir. Görünmek eylemi, konuşmacıların/yazarların bilgi kaynağına karşı tutumu açısından öznelden özneler arası tutuma doğru ikili bir yapı taşımaktadır. TUD verilerine göre görün- en fazla nesne adılları (bana/bize) ve iyelik çekimi gösteren ‘gözüme/gözümüze’ ile eşdizilimli görünmektedir. Dolayısıyla görün-ana tümcenin eylemi olduğunda konuşmacı/yazar bilgi kaynağı olarak kendini sözcesine eklemekte ve daha öznel bir bakış açısı sunabilmektedir. Ancak ‘görünen o ki’ ve ‘öyle görünüyor ki’ gibi ara sözceler özneler arası bakış açısıyla kullanılmaktadır ve bilgi kaynağına dair herhangi bir işaret içermemektedir. Bu gözleme dayanarak konuşmacıların/ yazarların ara sözce biçimlerini kullanarak önermelerinin bilgi kaynağıyla ilgili sorumluluk almadıklarını ve bir söylem stratejisi olarak kaçamaklama yaptıklarını söylenebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Görme Algı Eylemleri Türkçe bilgi tutumu Kesinlik Kanıtsallık
Kaynakça
- Aijmer, K. (2009). Seem and evidentiality.. Functions of Language. 16 (1) s. 63-88.
- Aikhenvald, Alexandra (2004) Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Boye, K. (2012). Epistemic meaning: A crosslinguistic and functional-cognitive study. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- De Haan, F. (1999) Evidentiality and epistemic modality: Setting boundaries. Southwest Journal of Linguistics 18: 83-101.
- -------------------------(2007). ‘Raising as grammaticalization: the case of Germanic Seem verbs’. Rivista di Linguistica 19.1. pp 129-150.
- Diewald, G. and E. Smirnova. (2010). Linguistic realization of evidentiality in European Languages. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter. Gisborne, N. (2010). The event structure of perception verbs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Erdal, M. (1991). Old Turkic Word Formation: A Functional Approach to the Lexicon, I-II. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
- Grossmann, F. & A. Tutin. 2010. Evidential markers in French scientific writing: The case of the French verb voir. Linguistic realization of evidentiality in European languages. Gabriele Diewald & Elena Smirnova, eds. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 279-308.
- Nakamura, F. (2010). Uncovering of rare or unknown usages: a history of seem meaning to pretend. In M. Kytö (Ed.), Language change and variation from Old English to Late Modern English: A festschrift for Minoji Akimoto (pp. 217-238). Berne: Peter Lang.
- Nuyts, J. (2001). Epistemic modality, language, and conceptualization: A cognitive–pragmatic perspective (Vol. 5). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing Company.
- Palmer, F. (2001) Mood and Modality. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Papafragou, A. (2000). Modality: Issues in the Semantics-Pragmatics Interface. Oxford: Elsevier Science.
- Picoche, J. (1986). Structures sémantiques du lexique français. Paris
- Plungian, V., A. (2011). Types of verbal evidentiality marking: an overview. In Linguistic Realization of Evidentiality in European Languages, ed. by Diewald, Gabriele and Elena Smirnova, 15-58. Berlin - New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Renata, E. (2012). Les modalités de perception visuelle et auditive : Différences conceptuelles et répercussions sémantico-syntaxiques en espagnol et en français. Berlin-New-york: Walter de Gruyter.
- Rubin, V. L., Kando, N., & Liddy, E. D. (2004). Certainty categorization model. In Paper presented at the AAAI spring symposium: Exploring attitude and affect in text: Theories and applications, Stanford, CA.
- Rubin, V. L. (2006). Identifying certainty in texts. Doctoral thesis. Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY.
- Traugott, E. C. (1995) Subjectification in grammaticalisation. In: Dieter Stein and Susan Wright (eds.), Subjectivity and Subjectivisation: Linguistic Perspectives, 31–54. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Traugott, E. and Dasher, R.B. (2002). Regularity in semantic change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Traugott, E.C. (2010). Revisiting subjectification and intersubjectification. In Subjectification, Intersubjectification and Grammaticalization, ed. by Kristin Davidse, Lieven Vandelanotte, and Hubert Cuyckens, 29-70. Berlin – New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Sweetser, E. E. (1990). From Etymology to Pragmatics: Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure Whitt, R.J. (2010). Evidentiality and perception verbs in English and German. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Verlag.
- Willett, T. (1988). A cross-linguistic survey of the grammaticalization of evidentiality. Studies in Language 12(1): 51–97.
- Whitt, R.J. (2010). Evidentiality and perception verbs in English and German. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Verlag.
- Viberg, A., 1983. The verbs of perception: a typological study. Linguistics 21 (1), 123–162.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Dil Çalışmaları |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Aralık 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021Cilt: 32 Sayı: 2 |
Cited By
Visual perception verbs in Old Anatolian Turkish
Journal of Historical Linguistics
https://doi.org/10.1075/jhl.00017.erk
Bu eser
Dergi DOI:10.18492/dad