1. Editorial policies and editorial ethics
1.1. Authorship policies

JLR's authorship policy requires that authors who make scientific contributions to the journal properly assume responsibility for the final version of the published article. JLR does not allow honorary authorship.

The authors' names are indicated in the article's first section; the names of other contributors are mentioned in the acknowledgements section.

1.2. Qualifications for authorship:

The Journal of Linguistic Research requires contributors to fulfil the following criteria to become an author:

• Finding an original research topic and formulating hypotheses or research questions by conducting the necessary literature review,
• Obtaining, analyzing and/or interpreting data for the study,
• Preparation of the draft of the research and/or contributing by critically reviewing the study in terms of academic content
• Be responsible for the appropriate investigation and resolution of issues relating to the accuracy or completeness of any part of the work.

Participants who did not meet these criteria but still made significant contributions to the article should be included in the acknowledgements section. It is the author's responsibility to obtain the written consent of the people mentioned in the acknowledgements section.

1.3. Author contribution and author roles

To be an author in articles published in JLR, each of the authors must have participated in the writing of the original manuscript and/or critically reviewed and edited the manuscript. Those who did not meet these criteria but still contributed to the study should be acknowledged in the acknowledgements section of the article with their permission.

JLR has defined 13 roles that can be used to represent the roles played by authors according to their contributions to research outputs. During the submission process, the corresponding author should indicate each author's contribution to the manuscript by choosing from the 13 author roles listed below.


Author Roles:

1. Conceptualization: Research idea; formulation or development of research objectives.
2. Data processing: Management activities to annotate data (producing metadata), clean data, and preserve research data (including software code where necessary for data interpretation) for initial use and subsequent reuse.
3. Formal analysis: The application of statistical, mathematical, computational or other formal techniques to analyze or synthesize study data.
4. Research: Conducting a process of inquiry and investigation, in particular, carrying out experiments or collecting data/evidence.
5. Methodology: Developing or designing the methodology of research; building models.
6. Project management: Taking management and coordination responsibility for the planning and execution of the research activity.
7. Resources: Provision of study materials, participants, computing resources or other analysis tools.
8. Software: Programming, software development, program design, implementation of computer code and supporting algorithms, testing existing code components.
9. Supervision: Advising on the planning and execution of the research activity, including mentoring outside the core team
10. Verification: Verification of the replicability of results and other research outputs, either as part of or independent of the scientific work.
11. Visualization: Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, in particular visualization/data presentation.
12. Writing: original draft preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, in particular, writing the first draft (including substantive translation).
13. Review and editing: preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work by members of the original research group, in particular critical review, comment or revision.


1.4. Responsibilities of the corresponding author

The corresponding author assumes primary responsibility for communication with the journal and editorial board during the submission process, peer review, and publication. They are responsible for ensuring that the submission complies with all journal requirements, including authorship roles, research ethics, ethics committee approval, and conflict of interest statement. The corresponding author should also be available for contact after publication to respond to any questions or criticism.

1.5. Changes in authorship

Requests to change the author list will only be considered in exceptional circumstances and only if the change of authorship is in accordance with the current JLR authorship policy. Requests to change the author list after submission should be notified to the editor. Authorship changes requested after acceptance of the manuscript will be rejected except in exceptional circumstances. In case of any suspicion of possible authorship manipulation, JLR reserves the right to contact the author(s)’ institution(s) for further investigation and/or to reject the requested changes.

2. Publication ethics policies

The following policies ensure that JLR’s standards of publication ethics are upheld. These policies address established best practices in academic publishing and definitions of academic misconduct. To ensure the integrity of submissions to JLR, we encourage you to review the policies below to ensure that your submission meets the necessary requirements and to prepare your manuscript in accordance with these policies.

The journal reserves the right to take action, which may include rejection, retraction, and/or contacting the author(s)’s affiliated institution(s), when there is evidence of a violation of JLR’s publication ethical policies.

Authors, reviewers, editors, and JLR staff have a shared responsibility to ensure that submitted and published articles use language appropriate to the field and do not use terminology that could be interpreted as hostile or offensive to people based on group differences such as ethnicity, gender, sexuality, age or health.

2.1. Plagiarism, redundant publication, and ethical text-reuse policies

Manuscripts submitted to JLR must comply with the following policies to ensure the ethical publication of academic work.

2.1.1. Originality of content and duplicate submission

JLR publishes original research/review articles that have not been published elsewhere. Authors are deemed to confirm that the content submitted is original at the time of submission. Articles submitted to JLR should not be previously published or under consideration for full or partial publication elsewhere. If an article has been previously submitted for publication elsewhere, it will only be considered for evaluation if it has been definitively rejected by the other publisher(s) at the time of submission to JLR.

Submission of an article to more than one journal is classified as a duplicate submission and is considered a misconduct.

2.1.2. Fabrication and falsification

JLR opposes both fabrication of data or images (i.e., fake or fabricated data) and falsification of data or images (i.e., intentional misrepresentation or deceptive manipulation of data).

Articles prepared and written by commercial entities (“paper mills”) on behalf of researchers listed as authors in the article will not be considered for evaluation. Necessary measures will be taken to eliminate suspicious articles before peer review.

2.1.3. Redundant publication

Redundant publication occurs when the same study (same or similar ideas, data, results and/or conclusions drawn) is published more than once by the same or overlapping authors. This includes adding small amounts of new data to an existing published article and submitting it for review or publishing the same article in more than one journal (also known as slicing). This type of publication is unethical, and articles found to be redundant will not be considered for publication in JLR.

All submissions are screened for redundancy, and authors may be asked to cite relevant publications and, where appropriate, to refer to all relevant material to ensure that the article complies with the journal policy. It is advisable to discuss, in the introduction section, how the publication contributes to the literature beyond any preliminary or related work.

2.1.4. Plagiarism

Plagiarism occurs when an author attempts to present previously published work as original content. Every article submitted to JLR is scanned for textual overlap with plagiarism software supported by intihal.net. Articles found to contain textual overlap (exceeding 12% in total and 1% for a single reference) will not be considered for publication in JLR.

All submitted articles are checked for plagiarism and duplication; only original content is published. Articles found to contain plagiarism or duplication will not be considered for evaluation in JLR.

2.1.5. Peer review manipulation

In accordance with the editorial policy of JLR, manuscripts submitted to the journal are blind-reviewed by two -or more reviewers if necessary- after approval by the editorial board. Authors, editors, and reviewers are obliged to fulfill their responsibilities in the review process objectively, honestly in accordance with ethical standards. All parties should take action when they become aware of any attempt to manipulate the peer review process and alert the journal in such cases.

Any intentional deception, manipulation, or misrepresentation in the peer review process is a serious act of academic misconduct. JLR will consider the following situations to constitute peer review manipulation:

• Falsification of reviewer and editor identities or credentials,
• Collaborating with third parties to manipulate review results,
• Fabrication or plagiarism in review reports,
• Conducting biased review practices,
• Concealment or non-disclosure of known conflicts of interest of editors, reviewers, or authors,
• Forcing reviewers to make favorable or biased assessments,
• Any other action that may compromise the impartiality and integrity of the peer review process.

If evidence of peer review manipulation is found, JLR will take appropriate action, including withdrawal of the relevant publication or revocation of acceptance if the article is still under review.

2.1.6. Conflicts of interest policy

A conflict of interest can be anything that interferes or may be perceived as interfering with the full and impartial peer review, decision-making, or publication of manuscripts submitted to JLR. Personal, financial, and professional connections or relationships may be perceived as a conflict of interest.

All authors and JLR’s editorial board members are obligated to disclose actual and potential conflicts of interest when submitting their manuscripts or accepting editorial or review assignments.

Failure to disclose conflicts of interest may result in the rejection of an article. If an undisclosed conflict of interest arises after publication, JLR will take action following its editorial ethics policies.

Anything that could be perceived as a possible conflict of interest should be disclosed to the editor at the time of submission.

2.1.7. Editing and refereeing

Editors and reviewers are asked to consider the following potential conflicts of interest
before accepting any editorial or reviewing assignment:

1. Family: Are any of the authors your spouse, partner, a member of the same family, or a very close friend?
2. Collaborations: Are you currently collaborating with any of the authors, or have you collaborated in the last 2 years? Have you collaborated with any of the authors as a supervisor or in any other direct supervisory capacity in the last 5 years? Have you collaborated with any of the authors as a student or in any other directly affiliated capacity in the last 5 years?
3. Affiliation: Do you work in the same organization as any of the authors and if so, has this led to interactions, collaborations or conflicts of interest with the authors that could compromise your objectivity in conducting this review? Are you a member of a committee or department affiliated with any of the authors?
4. Financing: Do you have a business or professional partnership with any of the authors? Do you have financial interests or business relationships with any organization involved in this research or the preparation of the manuscript? Do you have any financial interests or conflicts of interest that may affect your ability to provide an unbiased review of the content of the manuscript?

2.1.8. Financing disclosure policy

Details of all funding sources, including project/grant numbers if available, should be provided in the funding section of the manuscript.

3. Ethical Research Conduct Policies
3.1. Research ethics and ethical approval

All research submitted to JLR for consideration must be conducted under JLR’s guidelines on study ethics. JLR reserves the right to reject any manuscript that the editors believe does not adhere to high ethical standards, even if the authors have received ethical approval or ethical approval is not required.

3.1.1. Studies involving human participants

Research involving human participants must be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Studies involving human participants must be conducted in accordance with relevant institutional and national guidelines, with prior approval of the appropriate institutional ethics committee, and with the informed written consent of all human participants involved in the study, including publication of results.

If the study is exempt from ethical approval or consent procedures, the authors must clearly state the reasons in the statement generated. JLR may request a letter from the ethics committee from the authors in cases where full review and approval by the committee have been waived.

To protect subjects’ data, identifying information should not be included in the manuscript unless such information is strictly necessary for scientific purposes and explicit consent is given by the subjects.

3.1.2. Studies involving vulnerable populations

JLR may request additional information from authors conducting research on vulnerable populations. This information may include:

• inclusion criteria and justification for the use of community data
• a copy of the consent form read and signed by the participants
• study protocol approved by the ethics committee
• Other standard documents such as ethical approval document(s) and consent form(s).

In studies on vulnerable populations, authors should ensure that data are summarized and do not include any individual data.

Completed consent forms should be retained by the authors or their respective institutions in accordance with institutional policies. Completed forms should not be included in the manuscript submitted to JLR. However, consent forms should be made available upon request by the editor or reviewers during the review process or after publication.

[1] This statement has been prepared based on the publication ethics and misconduct statement on the Elsevier Journals website.